The Impact of Aging on Regulatory T-Cells
Open accessAbstract
Age-related deviations of the immune system contribute to a higher likelihood of infections, cancer, and autoimmunity in the elderly. Senescence of T-lymphocytes is characterized by phenotypical and functional changes including the loss of characteristic T-cell surface markers, while an increase of stimulatory receptors, cytotoxicity as well as resistance against apoptosis is observed. One of the key mediators of immune regulation are naturally occurring regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Tregs express high levels of CD25 and the intracellular protein forkhead box P3; they exert their suppressive functions in contact-dependent as well as contact-independent manners. Quantitative and qualitative defects of Tregs were observed in patients with autoimmune diseases. Increased Treg activity was shown to suppress anti-tumor and anti-infection immunity. The effect of aging on Tregs, and the possible contribution of age-related changes of the Treg pool to the pathophysiology of diseases in the elderly are still poorly understood. Treg homeostasis depends on an intact thymic function and current data suggest that conversion of non-regulatory T-cells into Tregs as well as peripheral expansion of existing Tregs compensates for thymic involution after puberty to maintain constant Treg numbers. In the conventional T-cell subset, peripheral proliferation of T-cells is associated with replicative senescence leading to phenotypical and functional changes. For Tregs, different developmental stages were also described; however, replicative senescence of Tregs has not been observed yet.
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It has been suggested that the number of natural regulatory T cells (nTREGs) increase with ageing whereas inducible regulatory T cells (iTREGs) decrease.
“In addition, attention has also turned to natural- and inducible- regulatory T cells (nTREG and iTREG respectively) and it has been suggested that the number of nTREGs increase with ageing whereas iTREGs decrease (Fessler et al. 2013; Jagger et al. 2014).”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Fessler et al. 2013
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- Authors
- Fessler, J., Ficjan, A., Duftner, C., & Dejaco, C.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- Kashiwa Kousei General Hospital (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Dejaco, Christian
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 231-231
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3734364
- OpenAlex
- W1966909420
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz
- Medizinische Universität Graz
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Keywords
- regulatory T cells, immunosenescence, aging, T cell senescence, thymic involution, Foxp3, CD25, Treg homeostasis, autoimmune disease, tumor immunosuppression, infection susceptibility, Treg differentiation, replicative senescence
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