The PD1:PD-L1/2 Pathway from Discovery to Clinical Implementation
Open accessAbstract
The immune system has the difficult challenge of discerning and defending against a diversity of microbial pathogens, while simultaneously avoiding self-reactivity. T lymphocytes function as effectors and regulators of the immune system. While central tolerance mechanism results in deletion of the majority of self-reactive T lymphocytes during thymic selection, a fraction of self reactive lymphocytes escapes to the periphery and retains the potential to inflict destructive autoimmune pathology. The immune system evolved various mechanisms to restrain such auto-reactive T cells and maintain peripheral tolerance, including T cell anergy, deletion, and suppression by regulatory T cells (TRegs). These effects are regulated by a complex network of stimulatory and inhibitory receptors expressed on T cells and their ligands, which deliver cell-to-cell signals that dictate the outcome of T cell encountering with cognate antigens. Among the inhibitory immune mediators, the pathway consisting of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor (CD279) and its ligands PD-L1 (B7-H1, CD274) and PD-L2 (B7-DC; CD273) plays a vital role in the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance and for the maintenance of T cell homeostasis. In contrast to its beneficial role in self-tolerance, the PD-1: PD-L1/L2 pathway mediates potent inhibitory signals that prevent the expansion and function of T effector cells and have detrimental effects on antiviral and antitumor immunity. Therapeutic targeting of this pathway has resulted in successful enhancement of T cell immunity against viral pathogens and tumors. Here, we will provide a brief overview on the properties of the components of the PD-1 pathway, the signaling events that are regulated by PD-1 triggering, and their consequences on the function of T effector cells.
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PD-1 signaling suppresses T cell functions, including activation, proliferation, and cytokine production.
“As a result, PD-1 signaling suppresses T cell functions, including activation, proliferation, and cytokine production [6].”
From Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: current advances and future directions (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Bardhan, K., Anagnostou, T., & Boussiotis, V. A.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Boussiotis, Vassiliki A.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-12-12
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 550-550
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5149523
- OpenAlex
- W2560827811
- Cited by
- 606
- References
- 210
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 20
- FWCI
- 4.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (CA183605, CA183605S1, AI098129-01)
- U.S. Department of Defense (PC140571)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, immune checkpoint, T cell tolerance, peripheral tolerance, T cell homeostasis, T cell anergy, regulatory T cells, antitumor immunity, antiviral immunity, immune checkpoint blockade, T cell signaling
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