Identification of Bacteria in Two Food Waste Black Soldier Fly Larvae Rearing Residues

Gold, Moritz; von Allmen, Fabienne; Zurbrügg, Christian; Zhang, Jibin; Mathys, Alexander

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.582867

Cited by 119Insect Utilization and EffectsForensic Entomology and Diptera StudiesInsect symbiosis and bacterial influences

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Identification of Bacteria in Two Food Waste Black Soldier Fly Larvae Rearing Residues

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Gold, Moritz, von Allmen, Fabienne, Zurbrügg, Christian, Zhang, Jibin, Mathys, Alexander·2020·Frontiers in Microbiology

DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582867PMC PMC7719680

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Abstract

Significant economic, environmental, and social impacts are associated with the avoidable disposal of foods worldwide. Mass-rearing of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae using organic wastes and food- and agro-industry side products is promising for recycling resources within the food system. One current challenge of this approach is ensuring a reliable and high conversion performance of larvae with inherently variable substrates. Research has been devoted to increasing rearing performance by optimizing substrate nutrient contents and ratios, while the potential of the substrate and larval gut microbiota to increase rearing performance remains untapped. Since previous research has focused on gut microbiota, here, we describe bacterial dynamics in the residue (i.e., the mixture of frass and substrate) of black soldier fly larvae reared on two food wastes (i.e., canteen and household waste). To identify members of the substrate and residue microbiota, potentially associated with rearing performance, bacterial dynamics were also studied in the canteen waste without larvae, and after inactivation by irradiation of the initial microbiota in canteen waste. The food waste substrates had similar microbiota; both were dominated by common lactic acid bacteria. Inactivation of the canteen waste microbiota, which was dominated by Leuconostoc,Bacillus, and Staphylococcus, decreased the levels of all rearing performance indicators by 31–46% relative to canteen waste with the native microbiota. In both food waste substrates, larval rearing decreased the bacterial richness and changed the physicochemical residue properties and composition over the rearing period of 12 days, and typical members of the larval intestinal microbiota (i.e.,Providencia,Dysgonomonas,Morganella, and Proteus)became more abundant, suggesting their transfer into the residue through excretions. Future studies should isolate members of these taxa and elucidate their true potential to influence black soldier fly mass-rearing performance.

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BSFL frass has a rich beneficial microbe, such as nitrifying and nitrogen-fixing bacteria that make nitrogen available for plant uptake.
“BSFL frass has a rich beneficial microbe [53], such as nitrifying and nitrogen-fixing bacteria that make nitrogen available for plant uptake [34].”
From Potential Applications of Frass Derived from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Treatment of Food Waste: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The Introduction says BSFL rearing residues, a mixture of frass and substrate, have rich and diverse microbiomes. It describes residue bacteria as potentially beneficial, rather than establishing that frass contains abundant beneficial microbes. The nitrifying and nitrogen-fixing claim is attached to a different citation and is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Inactivating microbes in the substrate reduced rearing performance, indicating that initial substrate microbial communities contribute to substrate degradation and larval growth.
“They concluded that inactivating the microbes in the substrate has reduced the rearing performance, indicating that the initial substrate microbial communities contribute to substrate degradation and larval growth.”
From Potential Applications of Frass Derived from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Treatment of Food Waste: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The Discussion section, “Substrate Microbiota Contributes to Rearing Performance,” states that inactivating substrate microbes reduced rearing performance. It suggests that the initial community contributes to substrate decomposition and/or larval growth; the claim overstates this as a contribution to both. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
BSFL reared on sterile food waste substrate produced BSFL frass with a rich microbiota, Providencia, Dysgonomonas, and Morganella, transferred from the BSFL intestine.
“The BSFL reared on sterile food waste substrate also has produced BSFL frass with a rich microbiota, Providencia, Dysgonomonas, and Morganella, transferred from the BSFL intestine which need a further study on its role in affecting rearing performance.”
From Potential Applications of Frass Derived from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Treatment of Food Waste: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The Results (Microbial Dynamics, “Sterile Canteen Waste”; page unavailable) report that larvae repopulated the irradiated substrate and that Providencia, Dysgonomonas, and Morganella became more abundant in the residue. The Conclusion (page unavailable) suggests transfer through larval excretions and calls for further study of the bacteria’s role in rearing performance. It does not establish intestinal transfer as a fact, and the Results report that bacterial richness decreased during rearing. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Protein is a crucial component of larval feeding substrates and could affect BSFL's ability to complete its life cycle.
“Protein is a crucial component of the larval feeding substrates and could affect the BSFL’s ability to complete its life cycle [53].”
From Potential Applications of Frass Derived from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Treatment of Food Waste: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The Introduction says optimizing substrate nutrient contents and ratios has improved BSFL rearing performance, and Results > Waste Nutrient Composition identifies protein as a measured substrate nutrient (no page numbers available). The paper does not establish that protein specifically is crucial or that its level affects BSFL’s ability to complete its life cycle. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Inactivating the microbial community in the initial food waste substrate reduced the efficiency of BSFL rearing, indicating that the microbial community of the initial food waste substrate is beneficial for substrate decomposition and/or BSFL growth.
“Gold et al. [53] reported that inactivating the microbial community in the initial food waste substrate reduced the efficiency of BSFL rearing, indicating that the microbial community of the initial food waste substrate is beneficial for substrate decomposition and/or BSFL growth.”
From Potential Applications of Frass Derived from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Treatment of Food Waste: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [53]

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Additional file 1 of Microbial dynamics and vertical transmission of Escherichia coli across consecutive life stages of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)
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Additional file 3 of Microbial dynamics and vertical transmission of Escherichia coli across consecutive life stages of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)
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Authors: Gold, M., von Allmen, F., Zurbrügg, C., Zhang, J., & Mathys, A.
Affiliations: ETH Zurich (CH)
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (CH)
Huazhong Agricultural University (CN)
Corresponding author: Mathys, Alexander
ORCID: Gold, Moritz
Zurbrügg, Christian
Zhang, Jibin
Mathys, Alexander
Venue: Frontiers in Microbiology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2020-11-23
Volume: 11
Pages: 582867-582867
ISSN: 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582867
PMC: PMC7719680
OpenAlex: W3108450386
Cited by: 109
References: 101
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 6
FWCI: 5.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DORA Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
Funders: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich
ETH Zürich Foundation
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect Utilization and Effects
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Forensic Entomology and Diptera Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect symbiosis and bacterial influences
Keywords: Hermetia illucens, food waste, frass, larval gut microbiota, bacterial dynamics, canteen waste, household waste, lactic acid bacteria, irradiation, larval excretion, waste recycling

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Identification of Bacteria in Two Food Waste Black Soldier Fly Larvae Rearing Residues

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