Cited by 268Polysaccharides Composition and ApplicationsProbiotics and Fermented FoodsBacterial biofilms and quorum sensing

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Exopolysaccharides as Antimicrobial Agents: Mechanism and Spectrum of Activity

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Abdalla, Abdelmoneim K., Ayyash, Mutamed M., Olaimat, Amin N., Osaili, Tareq M., Al-Nabulsi, Anas A., Shah, Nagendra P., Holley, Richard·2021·Frontiers in Microbiology

DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664395PMC PMC8170130

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Abstract

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are metabolites synthesized and excreted by a variety of microorganisms, including lactic acid bacteria (LAB). EPS serve several biological functions such as interactions between bacteria and their environments, protection against hostile conditions including dehydration, the alleviation of the action of toxic compounds (bile salts, hydrolyzing enzymes, lysozyme, gastric, and pancreatic enzymes, metal ions, antibiotics), and stresses (changing pH, osmolarity), and evasion of the immune response and phage attack. Bacterial EPSs are considered valuable by the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries, owing to their health-promoting benefits and rheological impacts. Numerous studies have reported the unusual antimicrobial activities of various EPS against a wide variety of pathogenic microbes (bacteria, virus, and fungi). This review aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of different EPSs, mainly against foodborne bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. The mechanism of EPS action against these pathogens as well as the methods used to measure antimicrobial activities are critically reviewed.

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FIGURE 1 Illustration of the potential EPS-cell wall interactions of Gram-negative (A) and Gram-positive (B) responsible for the antibacterial effects of EPSs.CC BY · PubMed Central

FIGURE 2 Schematic representation of different potential antiviral activities of LAB-derived EPSs including; (1) Prevention of the viral infection through direct binding of viral particles; (2) Obstruction via shielding or masking virus pattern recognition receptor (PRRs) sites; (3) and (4) Stimulation of the immune response in mucosal epithelial and dendritic cells (DC) through their PRRs, resulting in induction of various cytokine production which consequently could modulate antiviral effects by activation of CD+ T lymphocyte differentiation into cytotoxic T lymphocytes; induction of macrophages, stimulation of antiviral activity via phagocytes by activation of Th1, induction of B cell proliferation and viral neutralization activity via secretion of antibodies.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors: Abdalla, A. K., Ayyash, M. M., Olaimat, A. N., Osaili, T. M., Al-Nabulsi, A. A., Shah, N. P., & Holley, R.
Affiliations: South Valley University (EG)
United Arab Emirates University (AE)
Hashemite University (JO)
Jordan University of Science and Technology (JO)
University of Hong Kong (HK)
University of Manitoba (CA)
Corresponding author: Ayyash, Mutamed M.
ORCID: Abdalla, Abdelmoneim K.
Ayyash, Mutamed M.
Olaimat, Amin N.
Osaili, Tareq M.
Shah, Nagendra P.
Holley, Richard
Venue: Frontiers in Microbiology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2021-05-19
Volume: 12
Pages: 664395-664395
ISSN: 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664395
PMC: PMC8170130
OpenAlex: W3162369158
Cited by: 268
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 8
FWCI: 3.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Greater South Information System
Funders: United Arab Emirates University
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
Keywords: exopolysaccharides, antimicrobial activity, lactic acid bacteria, mechanism of action, foodborne pathogens, fungal pathogens, viral pathogens, stress tolerance, immune evasion, phage resistance, rheological properties, nutraceuticals

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Exopolysaccharides as Antimicrobial Agents: Mechanism and Spectrum of Activity

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