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Microglial diversity by responses and responders
Open accessAbstract
Microglia are the principal resident innate immune cells of the CNS. Their contributions to the normal development of the CNS, the maintenance and plasticity of neuronal networks and the safeguarding of proper functionality are becoming more and more evident. Microglia also survey the tissue homeostasis to respond rapidly to exogenous and endogenous threats, primarily with a protective outcome. However, excessive acute activation, chronic activity or an improper adaptation of their functional performance can foster neuropathologies. A key to the versatile response behavior of these cells is their ability to commit to reactive phenotypes, which reveal enormous complexity. Yet the respective profiles of induced genes and installed functions may build up on heterogeneous contributions of cellular subsets. Here, we discuss findings and concepts that consider the variety of microglial activities and response options as being based-at least in part-on a diversity of the engaged cells. Whether it is the production of proinflammatory cytokines, clearance of tissue debris, antigen presentation or the ability to sense neurotransmitters, microglial cells present with an unanticipated heterogeneity of their constitutive and inducible features. While the organizational principles of this heterogeneity are still largely unknown, functional implications are already perceptible.
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“In AD, brain microglial cells are activated in response to Aβ and other neuropathological changes and undergo complex neuroinflammation processes,54 playing either a protective or detrimental role in the disease.55, 56”
From Acoustofluidic assembly of 3D neurospheroids to model Alzheimer's disease (2020) · cites this paper as [54]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gertig, U., & Hanisch, U.-K.
- Affiliations
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Hanisch, Uwe-Karsten
- Venue
- Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2014-04-01
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 101-101
- ISSN
- 1662-5102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3978327
- OpenAlex
- W1968597551
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 1.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB TRR 43, TRR-43)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Keywords
- microglia, microglial heterogeneity, microglial activation, inflammatory cytokines, debris removal, antigen presentation, neurotransmitter detection, CNS homeostasis, neuroinflammation, neuropathology
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