Tissue-resident macrophages
Open accessAbstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are a heterogeneous population of immune cells that fulfill tissue-specific and niche-specific functions. These range from dedicated homeostatic functions, such as clearance of cellular debris and iron processing, to central roles in tissue immune surveillance, response to infection and the resolution of inflammation. Recent studies highlight marked heterogeneity in the origins of tissue macrophages that arise from hematopoietic versus self-renewing embryo-derived populations. We discuss the tissue niche-specific factors that dictate cell phenotype, the definition of which will allow new strategies to promote the restoration of tissue homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms that dictate tissue macrophage heterogeneity should explain why simplified models of macrophage activation do not explain the extent of heterogeneity seen in vivo.
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Macrophages are highly heterogeneous, reflected in both the co-existence of distinct macrophage populations within tissues and a degree of functional plasticity that allows individual macrophages to change their transcriptional and functional programs to adapt to diverse tissue environments and pathological contexts.
“Macrophages, found throughout the body in health and disease, are highly heterogeneous. This is reflected in both the co-existence of distinct macrophage populations within tissues as well as a degree of functional plasticity that allows individual macrophages to change their transcriptional and functional programs to adapt to diverse tissue environments and pathological contexts (11, 12).”
From Targeting macrophages in liver fibrosis (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAMs maintain their numbers by self-renewal in a steady-state environment, while IMs in adult mice are derived from blood monocytes.
“AMs maintain their numbers by self-renewal in a steady-state environment, while IMs in adult mice are derived from blood monocytes 60.”
From Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase prompts bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by driving macrophage M2 polarization in mice (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The “Prenatal origins for some tissue-resident macrophages” section says alveolar macrophages do not rely on blood monocytes for renewal under steady-state conditions, supporting the AM portion. It does not identify adult lung interstitial macrophages (IMs) as blood-monocyte-derived; the reference-list mention of interstitial macrophages does not establish their origin. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMacrophages often are the first immune cells that encounter invading pathogens.
“Macrophages often are the first immune cells that encounter invading pathogens [219,220,221].”
From Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [221]
SIGLEC1/CD169 is not expressed in microglia in health or disease and has been proposed as a marker for invading monocyte-derived macrophages in the CNS.
“sialoadhesin (SIGLEC1; also known as CD169) is a marker for mature dendritic cells and macrophages in both mice and humans48 and has been proposed as a marker for invading monocyte-derived macrophages in the CNS as it is not expressed in microglia in health or disease49–52.”
From Microglial signatures and their role in health and disease (2018) · cites this paper as [48]
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“…re fl ected in both the co-existence of distinct macrophage populations within tissues as well as a degree of functional plasticity that allows individual macrophages to change their transcriptional and functional programs to adapt to diverse tissue environments and pathological contexts (11, 12).”
- Authors
- Davies, L. C., Jenkins, S. J., Allen, J. E., & Taylor, P. R.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Centre for Inflammation Research (GB)
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Taylor, Philip R
- Venue
- Nature Immunology
- Published
- 2013-09-18
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 986-995
- ISSN
- 1529-2908 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2916
- PMC
- PMC4045180
- OpenAlex
- W2072462631
- Cited by
- 2,096
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 142 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 184 · 2022: 231 · 2021: 196 · 2020: 192 · 2019: 157 · 2018: 157 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 142 · 2015: 140 · 2014: 99 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 11.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (097824/Z/11)
- Medical Research Council (MR/K02003X/1, MR/J002151/1, MR/K01207X/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- tissue-resident macrophages, macrophage heterogeneity, tissue homeostasis, immune surveillance, macrophage origin, embryonic macrophages, tissue niche, iron processing, inflammation resolution, infection response, macrophage activation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immunity, Immunologic Surveillance, Inflammation, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Organ Specificity, Wound Healing
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