Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection and Recovery of Motor Function in Animal Models of Parkinson’s Disease

Palasz, Ewelina; Niewiadomski, Wiktor; Gasiorowska, Anna; Wysocka, Adrianna; Stepniewska, Anna; Niewiadomska, Grazyna

doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.01143

Cited by 96Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsNuclear Receptors and SignalingNeurological disorders and treatments

Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection and Recovery of Motor Function in Animal Models of Parkinson’s Disease

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Palasz, Ewelina, Niewiadomski, Wiktor, Gasiorowska, Anna, Wysocka, Adrianna, Stepniewska, Anna, Niewiadomska, Grazyna·2019·Frontiers in Neurology

DOI 10.3389/fneur.2019.01143PMC PMC6838750

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Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is manifested by progressive motor, autonomic, and cognitive disturbances. Dopamine (DA) synthesizing neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) degenerate, causing a decline in DA level in the striatum that leads to the characteristic movement disorders. A disease-modifying therapy to arrest PD progression remains unattainable with current pharmacotherapies, most of which cause severe side effects and lose their efficacy with time. For this reason, there is a need to seek new therapies supporting the pharmacological treatment of PD. Motor therapy is recommended for pharmacologically treated PD patients as it alleviates the symptoms. Molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of motor therapy are unknown, nor is it known whether such therapy may be neuroprotective in PD patients. Due to obvious limitations, human studies are unlikely to answer these questions; therefore, the use of animal models of PD seems indispensable. Motor therapy in animal models of PD characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons has neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects, and the completeness of neuronal protection may depend on (i) degree of neuronal loss, (ii) duration and intensity of exercise, and (iii) time elapsed between insult and commencing of training. As the physical activity is neuroprotective for dopaminergic neurons, the question arises what is the mechanism of this protective action. A current hypothesis assumes a central role of neurotrophic factors in the neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons, even though it is still not clear whether increased DA level in the nigrostriatal axis results from neurogenesis of dopaminergic neurons in the SN, recovery of the phenotype of dopaminergic neurons, increased sprouting of the residual dopaminergic axons in the striatum, or generation of local striatal neurons from inhibitory interneurons. In the present review, we discuss studies describing the influence of physical exercise on the PD-like changes manifested in animal models of the disease and focus our interest on the current state of knowledge on the mechanism of neuroprotection induced by physical activity as a supportive therapy in PD.

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Our study revealed a recovery of the intensity of VMAT2 immunostaining in substantia nigra in exercised MPTP mice.
“Furthermore, our study revealed a recovery of the intensity of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) immunostaining in SN in exercised MPTP mice, indicative of the increase in the number of dopaminergic neurons [125].”
From BDNF as a Promising Therapeutic Agent in Parkinson’s Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [125]
BDNF upregulation due to exercise was observed in midbrain, substantia nigra, striatum, hippocampus, and cortex.
“BDNF upregulation was observed in midbrain [125], SN [126,128,129], ST [127,129,131,133], hippocampus [133], and cortex [132,133].”
From BDNF as a Promising Therapeutic Agent in Parkinson’s Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [125]
The recovery of VMAT2 immunostaining in substantia nigra in exercised MPTP mice indicates an increase in the number of dopaminergic neurons.
“Furthermore, our study revealed a recovery of the intensity of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) immunostaining in SN in exercised MPTP mice, indicative of the increase in the number of dopaminergic neurons [125].”
From BDNF as a Promising Therapeutic Agent in Parkinson’s Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [125]
In our study, higher BDNF and GDNF immunostaining intensity was noted in nigrostriatal areas of MPTP-treated mice which started treadmill training before and after intoxication, as compared to control groups both sedentary and exercised.
“In our study, we also noted a higher BDNF and GDNF immunostaining intensity in nigrostriatal areas of MPTP-treated mice which started treadmill training before (preceding training) and after (follow-up training) intoxication, as compared to control groups both sedentary and exercised [125].”
From BDNF as a Promising Therapeutic Agent in Parkinson’s Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [125]

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Impact of exercise on mitochondrial transcription factor expression and damage in the striatum of a chronic mouse model of Parkinson's disease
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The Gender-Biased Effects of Intranasal MPTP Administration on Anhedonic- and Depressive-Like Behaviors in C57BL/6 Mice: the Role of Neurotrophic Factors
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An Enriched Environment Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease with α-Synucleinopathy
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BDNF promotes human neural stem cell growth via GSK-3β-mediated crosstalk with the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
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Diversity of endurance training effects on antioxidant defenses and oxidative damage in different brain regions of adolescent male rats.
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Kir6.2 Deficiency Promotes Mesencephalic Neural Precursor Cell Differentiation via Regulating miR-133b/GDNF in a Parkinson’s Disease Mouse Model
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Depletion of striatal dopamine by the N-oxide of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP).
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Exercise and Nutritional Benefits in PD: Rodent Models and Clinical Settings
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Brain Hemodynamic Intermediate Phenotype Links Vitamin B12 to Cognitive Profile of Healthy and Mild Cognitive Impaired Subjects
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TracMouse: A computer aided movement analysis script for the mouse inverted horizontal grid test
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Effects of Voluntary Exercise on Motor Function in Parkinson's disease Model of Rats
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BDNF as a Promising Therapeutic Agent in Parkinson’s Disease
Palasz, E., Wysocka, A., Gasiorowska, A., Chalimoniuk, M., Niewiadomski, W., & Niewiadomska, G. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21031170 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
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Treatment Options for Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
Church, F. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11040612 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
The Biology and Pathobiology of Glutamatergic, Cholinergic, and Dopaminergic Signaling in the Aging Brain
Gąsiorowska, A., Wydrych, M., Drapich, P., Zadrożny, M., Steczkowska, M., Niewiadomski, W., & Niewiadomska, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.654931 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
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Exercise as medicine in Parkinson’s disease
Langeskov‐Christensen, M., Franzén, E., Hvid, L. G., & Dalgas, U. (2024) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2023-332974 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The effects of exercise on sleep quality in persons with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis
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Physical Exercise and Health: A Focus on Its Protective Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Exercise as a Positive Modulator of Brain Function
Alkadhi, K. A. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0516-4 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Promise of the Zebrafish Model for Parkinson’s Disease: Today’s Science and Tomorrow’s Treatment
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Propagation of tau and α-synuclein in the brain: therapeutic potential of the glymphatic system
Lopes, D. M., Llewellyn, S. K., & Harrison, I. F. (2022) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-022-00293-2 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Preventive and Therapeutic Potential of Physical Exercise in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Marques‐Aleixo, I., Beleza, J., Sampaio, A., Stevanović, J., Coxito, P. M., Gonçalves, I. O., Ascensão, A. A. M. R., & Magalhães, J. (2020) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2020.8075 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Lifestyle Interventions for the Prevention of Parkinson Disease
Daalen, J. M. J., Schootemeijer, S., Richard, E., Darweesh, S. K. L., & Bloem, B. R. (2022) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000200787 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Exercise mimetics: a novel strategy to combat neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
Zhao, R. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03031-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
In Search of a Dose: The Functional and Molecular Effects of Exercise on Post-stroke Rehabilitation in Rats
Li, F., Geng, X., Huber, C., Stone, C., & Ding, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00186 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Nrf2/Wnt resilience orchestrates rejuvenation of glia-neuron dialogue in Parkinson's disease
Marchetti, B. (2020) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2020.101664 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Dopamine in Sports: A Narrative Review on the Genetic and Epigenetic Factors Shaping Personality and Athletic Performance
Humińska‐Lisowska, K. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252111602 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Synergy between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, α-synuclein, and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease
Reuland, C. J., & Church, F. (2020) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109602 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Effect of aerobic exercise as a treatment on type 2 diabetes mellitus with depression-like behavior zebrafish
Wang, L., Ma, J., Wu, W., Fang, Y., Liu, F., Yang, Q., Hu, X., Gu, X., He, Z., Sun, D., et al. (2022) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120578 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
New horizons in Parkinson’s disease in older populations
Chhetri, J. K., Mei, S., Wang, C., & Chan, P. (2023) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afad186 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
An open-label multiyear study of sargramostim-treated Parkinson’s disease patients examining drug safety, tolerability, and immune biomarkers from limited case numbers
Olson, K. E., Abdelmoaty, M. M., Namminga, K. L., Lu, Y., Obaro, H., Santamaria, P. M., Mosley, R. L., & Gendelman, H. E. (2023) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-023-00361-1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Neurotrophic factor-based pharmacological approaches in neurological disorders
Castelli, V., Alfonsetti, M., & d’Angelo, M. (2022) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.358619 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The effects of treadmill exercise in animal models of Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review
Ferreira, A. F. F., Binda, K. H., & Real, C. C. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.019 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Association of Physical Activity and Parkinson Disease in Women
Portugal, B., Artaud, F., Degaey, I., Roze, E. F., Fournier, A., Severi, G., Canonico, M., Proust‐Lima, C., & Elbaz, A. (2023) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000207424 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Compensatory cognition in neurological diseases and aging: A review of animal and human studies
Kanishka, K., & Jha, S. K. (2022) · Aging Brain · doi:10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100061 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Effects of voluntary, and forced exercises on neurotrophic factors and cognitive function in animal models of Parkinson's disease
Rafie, F., Rajizadeh, M. A., Shahbazi, M., Pourranjbar, M., Nekouei, A. H., Sheibani, V., & Peterson, D. S. (2023) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2023.102357 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Exercise, Neuroprotective Exerkines, and Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative Review
Mitchell, A. K., Bliss, R. R., & Church, F. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14101241 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Environmental Enrichment Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Alters Detoxifying Enzymes in an A53T α-Synuclein Transgenic Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease
Seo, J. H., Kang, S., Kim, K., Wi, S., Lee, J. W., & Cho, S. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9100928 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sirtuin dysregulation in Parkinson's disease: Implications of acetylation and deacetylation processes
Dhiman, S., Mannan, A., Taneja, A., Mohan, M., & Singh, T. G. (2024) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122537 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Physical Exercise Modulates Brain Physiology Through a Network of Long- and Short-Range Cellular Interactions
Consorti, A., Marco, I. D., & Sansevero, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2021.710303 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Effects of exercise training on nigrostriatal neuroprotection in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review
Ishaq, S., Shah, I. A., Lee, S., & Wu, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1464168 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Vitamin D (VD3) Intensifies the Effects of Exercise and Prevents Alterations of Behavior, Brain Oxidative Stress, and Neuroinflammation, in Hemiparkinsonian Rats
da Costa, R. O., Gadelha-Filho, C. V. J., de Aquino, P. É. A., Lima, L. A. R., de Lucena, J. D., Ribeiro, W. L. C., Lima, F. A. V., Neves, K. R. T., & Viana, G. S. D. B. (2022) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-022-03728-4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Effects of exercise on neuroinflammation in age-related neurodegenerative disorders
Su, Y., & Su, Z. (2025) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-025-03165-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Exercise for Older Adults Improves the Quality of Life in Parkinson’s Disease and Potentially Enhances the Immune Response to COVID-19
Hall, M.-F. E., & Church, F. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10090612 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Intervention strategies for Parkinson’s disease: the role of exercise and mitochondria
Xu, G., Ma, C., & Yang, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1519672 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Physical exercise modulates the microglial complement pathway in mice to relieve cortical circuitry deficits induced by mutant human TDP-43
Wei, J., Liu, L., Song, X., Lin, B., Cui, J., Luo, L., Liu, Y., Li, S., Li, X., So, K., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112240 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Citius, Fortius, Altius—Understanding Which Components Drive Exercise Benefits in Parkinson Disease
de Vries, N. M., Darweesh, S. K. L., & Bloem, B. R. (2021) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.3744 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Aerobic Exercise and Healthy Nutrition as Neuroprotective Agents for Brain Health in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Review of the Literature
Cammisuli, D. M., Bonuccelli, U., Daniele, S., Martini, C., Fusi, J., & Franzoni, F. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9050380 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The roles, mechanism, and mobilization strategy of endogenous neural stem cells in brain injury
Liu, H., Wei, T., Huang, Q., Liu, W., Yang, Y., Jin, Y., Wu, D., Yuan, K., & Zhang, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.924262 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effects of lifespan-extending interventions on cognitive healthspan
Čulig, L., Sahbaz, B. D., & Bohr, V. A. (2022) · Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1017/erm.2022.36 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Enriched environment as a nonpharmacological neuroprotective strategy
Vaquero-Rodríguez, A., Ortuzar, N., Lafuente, J. V., & Bengoetxea, H. (2023) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/15353702231171915 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Targeting sleep and the circadian system as a novel treatment strategy for Parkinson’s disease
Feigl, B., Lewis, S. J. G., & Rawashdeh, O. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-12073-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Moderate intensity aerobic exercise alleviates motor deficits in 6-OHDA lesioned rats and reduces serum levels of biomarkers of Parkinson's disease severity without recovery of striatal dopamine or tyrosine hydroxylase
Kasanga, E. A., Soto, I., Centner, A., McManus, R., Shifflet, M. K., Navarrete, W., Han, Y., Lisk, J. P., Ehrhardt, T., Wheeler, K., et al. (2024) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114875 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Promoting Physical Activity in People With Parkinson’s Disease Through a Smartphone App: A Pilot Study
Schootemeijer, S., de Vries, N. M., Darweesh, S. K. L., Ascherio, A., Schwarzschild, M. A., Macklin, E. A., & Bloem, B. R. (2025) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000507 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Steady Moderate Exercise Confers Resilience Against Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease
Pałasz, E., Gąsiorowska, A., Drapich, P., Niewiadomski, W., & Niewiadomska, G. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26031146 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Therapeutic Mechanisms of Exercise in Parkinson’s Disease
Wilson, A. C., Pountney, D. L., & Khoo, T. K. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26104860 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Optimal dose and type of exercise improve the overall balance in adults with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis
Fan, X., Yuan, Y., Bai, Y., Chen, C., Wang, J., Wang, T., Yang, Y., & Chen, K.-C. (2025) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-025-08244-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Considerations on How to Prevent Parkinson’s Disease Through Exercise
Oosterhof, T. H., Darweesh, S. K. L., Bloem, B. R., & de Vries, N. M. (2024) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-240091 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Automatic Transcranial Sonography-Based Classification of Parkinson’s Disease Using a Novel Dual-Channel CNXV2-DANet
Kang, H., Wang, X., Sun, Y., Li, S., Sun, X., Li, F., Hou, C., Lam, S., Zhang, W., & Zheng, Y. (2024) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering11090889 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hordenine improves Parkinsonian‐like motor deficits in mice and nematodes by activating dopamine D2 receptor‐mediated signaling
Li, H., Gao, M., Chen, Z., Zhou, Z., Li, W., Zhang, X., Jiang, X., Luo, L., Li, F. R., Wang, G., et al. (2023) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.7790 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Predictors of physical activity levels in individuals with Parkinson’s disease: a cross-sectional study
Feliciano, J. S., Rodrigues, S. M. A., Lana, R. D. C., & Polese, J. C. (2020) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04701-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bridging the Gap: The Neuro-immune Axis as a Key Player in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Liu, T., Wu, H., & Wei, J. (2025) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-025-01439-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Volumetric and shape analysis of the hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy with GAD65 antibodies compared with non-immune epilepsy
Blanco, E. C., Pascual‐Diaz, S., Carreño, M., Muñoz‐Moreno, E., Pariente, J. C., Boget, T., Manzanares, I., Donaire, A., Centeno, M., Graus, F., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89010-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Epigenetic regulation of Parkinson’s disease risk variant GPNMB cg17274742 methylation by sex and exercise from Taiwan Biobank
Chen, Y., Liaw, Y.-C., Nfor, O. N., Hsiao, C.-H., Zhong, J.-H., Wu, S., & Liaw, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1235840 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
From inflammatory signaling to neuronal damage: Exploring NLR inflammasomes in ageing neurological disorders
Zhang, J.-W., Xie, D., Jiao, D.-L., Zhou, S., Liu, S.-M., Ju, Z.-Y., Hu, L., Qi, L., Yao, C., & Zhao, C. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32688 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Exercise Ameliorates Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease Mice by Suppressing Microglia-Regulated Neuroinflammation Through Irisin/AMPK/Sirt1 Pathway
Wang, B., Li, N., Wang, Y., Tian, X., Lin, J., Zhang, X., Xu, H., Sun, Y., & Zhao, R. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14080955 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Iron deficiency in pregnancy: Influence on sleep, behavior, and molecular markers of adult male offspring
Franco, B., Mota, D. S., Daubian‐Nosé, P., Rodrigues, N. D. A., Simino, L. A. D. P., de Fante, T., Bezerra, R. M. N., Manchado-Gobatto, F. D. B., Manconi, M., Torsoni, A. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24968 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lifestyle Modulators of Neuroplasticity in Parkinson’s Disease: Evidence in Human Neuroimaging Studies
Caminiti, S. P., Gallo, S., Menegon, F., Naldi, A., Comi, C., & Tondo, G. (2023) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527322666230616121213 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Animal models of action control and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease
Balleine, B. W. (2022) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.01.006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The global rise in Parkinson's disease: a critical analysis of causes and future directions
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Authors: Palasz, E., Niewiadomski, W., Gasiorowska, A., Wysocka, A., Stepniewska, A., & Niewiadomska, G.
Affiliations: Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
Instytut Biologii Doświadczalnej im. Marcelego Nenckiego (PL)
ORCID: Niewiadomski, Wiktor
Wysocka, Adrianna
Venue: Frontiers in Neurology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2019-11-01
Volume: 10
Pages: 1143-1143
ISSN: 1664-2295 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01143
PMC: PMC6838750
OpenAlex: W2983897971
Cited by: 95
References: 182
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 1.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Frontiers in Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders: TauRx Pharmaceuticals
Instytut Biologii Doswiadczalnej im. M. Nenckiego PAN
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
Keywords: Parkinson's disease, physical activity, neuroprotection, motor recovery, dopaminergic neurons, substantia nigra, neurotrophic factors, neurogenesis, Parkinson's disease model, exercise therapy

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Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection and Recovery of Motor Function in Animal Models of Parkinson’s Disease

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