Motives and Perceived Consequences of Nonmedical ADHD Medication Use by College Students: Are Students Treating Themselves for Attention Problems?
Abstract
Objective: This study examines why college students without a prescription take ADHD medication, what they perceive the consequences of this to be, and whether attention problems are associated with this behavior. Method: More than 3,400 undergraduates attending one public and one private university in the southeastern United States completed a Web-based survey. Results: Nonmedical ADHD medication use in the prior 6 months was reported by 5.4% of respondents and was positively associated with self-reported attention difficulties. Enhancing the ability to study was the most frequent motive reported; nonacademic motives were less common. Students perceived nonmedical use to be beneficial despite frequent reports of adverse reactions. Conclusion: Students without prescriptions use ADHD medication primarily to enhance academic performance and may do so to ameliorate attention problems that they experience as undermining their academic success. The academic, social, and biomedical consequences of illicit ADHD medication use among college students should be researched further. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 13(3) 259-270)
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Recent research supports that most non-prescription use of psychostimulants among college and university students is to aid in concentration, and often where students report attentional difficulties that are hindering academic success.
“Recent research supports that most non-prescription use of psychostimulants among college and university students is to aid in concentration, and often where students report attentional difficulties that are hindering academic success [144,148].”
From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [148]
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.279 · Cited by 1,199 · see citing works
McCabe, S. E., Knight, J. R., Teter, C. J., & Wechsler, H. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00944.x · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Self-citationTeter, C. J., McCabe, S. E., LaGrange, K., Cranford, J. A., & Boyd, C. J. (2006) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1592/phco.26.10.1501 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence and Motives for Illicit Use of Prescription Stimulants in an Undergraduate Student Sample
Teter, C. J., McCabe, S. E., Cranford, J. A., Boyd, C. J., & Guthrie, S. K. (2005) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.3200/jach.53.6.253-262 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Self-citationStimulant Medication Use, Misuse, and Abuse in an Undergraduate and Graduate Student Sample
White, B. P., Becker‐Blease, K. A., & Grace-Bishop, K. (2006) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.3200/jach.54.5.261-268 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Student Perceptions of Methylphenidate Abuse at a Public Liberal Arts College
Babcock, Q., & Byrne, T. (2000) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448480009596296 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Medical Use, Illicit Use and Diversion of Prescription Stimulant Medication
McCabe, S. E., Teter, C. J., & Boyd, C. J. (2006) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2006.10399827 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationIllicit use of psychostimulants among college students: A preliminary study
Low, K. G., & Gendaszek, A. E. (2002) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548500220139386 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants in the United States
Kroutil, L. A., Brunt, D. L. V., Herman-Stahl, M. A., Heller, D. C., Bray, R. M., & Penne, M. A. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.12.011 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Illicit Methylphenidate Use in an Undergraduate Student Sample: Prevalence and Risk Factors
Teter, C. J., McCabe, S. E., Boyd, C. J., & Guthrie, S. K. (2003) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1592/phco.23.5.609.32210 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationAdjustment to College in Students With ADHD
Rabiner, D. L., Anastopoulos, A. D., Costello, J. E., Hoyle, R. H., & Swartzwelder, H. S. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054707305106 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach
Katzman, M. A., Bilkey, T. S., Chokka, P. R., Fallu, A., & Klassen, L. J. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1463-3 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Smith, M. E., & Farah, M. J. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0023825 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Misuse of Stimulant Medication Among College Students: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-analysis
Benson, K., Flory, K., Humphreys, K. L., & Lee, S. S. (2015) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-014-0177-z · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Subtypes of nonmedical prescription drug misuse
McCabe, S. E., Boyd, C. J., & Teter, C. J. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.007 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Self-citationMcCabe, S. E., West, B. T., Teter, C. J., & Boyd, C. J. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.008 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Self-citationFaraone, S. V., Rostain, A. L., Montano, C. B., Mason, O., Antshel, K. M., & Newcorn, J. H. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.06.012 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Advokat, C. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.03.006 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Garnier-Dykstra, L. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E., & Arria, A. M. (2012) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2011.589876 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
The Potential for Misuse and Abuse of Medications in ADHD: A Review
Clemow, D. B., & Walker, D. J. (2014) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2801 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Hanson, C. L., Burton, S. H., Giraud-Carrier, C. G., West, J. H., Barnes, M., & Hansen, B. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2503 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Arria, A. M., & DuPont, R. L. (2010) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2010.509273 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
What Do We Really Know about ADHD in College Students?
Green, A. L., & Rabiner, D. L. (2012) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0127-8 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Reported ADHD and Adjustment in College
Blase, S. L., Gilbert, A. N., Anastopoulos, A. D., Costello, E. J., Hoyle, R. H., Swartzwelder, H. S., & Rabiner, D. L. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709334446 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationArria, A. M., Wilcox, H. C., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., Garnier-Dykstra, L. M., & O’Grady, K. E. (2012) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.10.002 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
What should we do about student use of cognitive enhancers? An analysis of current evidence
RAGAN, C. I., Bárd, I., & Singh, I. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.016 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Prescription stimulant medication misuse: Where are we and where do we go from here?
Weyandt, L. L., Oster, D. R., Marraccini, M. E., Guðmundsdóttir, B. G., Munro, B. A., Rathkey, E. S., & McCallum, A. (2016) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000093 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Maier, L. J., Ferris, J., & WINSTOCK, A. R. (2018) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.05.009 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Illicit use of prescription stimulants in a college student sample: A theory-guided analysis
Bavarian, N., Flay, B. R., Ketcham, P. L., & Smit, E. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.024 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Dussault, C., & Weyandt, L. L. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711428740 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Do college students improve their grades by using prescription stimulants nonmedically?
Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E., Cimini, M. D., Geisner, I. M., Fossos‐Wong, N., Kilmer, J. R., & Larimer, M. E. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.07.016 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Guðmundsdóttir, B. G., Zavras, B. M., Turcotte, K., Munro, B. A., & Amoroso, A. J. (2013) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0034013 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Functional Impairments Associated With ADHD in Adulthood and the Impact of Pharmacological Treatment
Kosheleff, A. R., Mason, O., Jain, R., Koch, J., & Rubin, J. S. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231158572 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Medical and Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants: Results From a National Multicohort Study
McCabe, S. E., & West, B. T. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.005 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationDuPaul, G. J., Weyandt, L. L., Rossi, J. S., Vilardo, B. A., O’Dell, S. M., Carson, K. M., Verdi, G., & Swentosky, A. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711427299 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Further research has raised concerns over the possibility that college students with ADHD may give or sell stimulants to their peers who are seeking to use these drugs for recreational purposes (Rabiner et al., 2009; Upadhyaya et al., 2005; Weyandt et al., 2009).”
BackgroundWeyandt, L. L., Oster, D. R., Marraccini, M. E., Guðmundsdóttir, B. G., Munro, B. A., Zavras, B. M., & Kuhar, B. G. (2014) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s47013 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
McCabe, S. E., Teter, C. J., Boyd, C. J., Wilens, T. E., & Schepis, T. S. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.17m11958 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationArria, A. M., Garnier-Dykstra, L. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E., & Wish, E. D. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710367621 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Adolescents’ prescription stimulant use and adult functional outcomes: a national prospective study
McCabe, S. E., Veliz, P., Wilens, T. E., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.12.008 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Performance Enhancement: Misuse or Self-Treatment?
Peterkin, A. L., Crone, C. C., Sheridan, M. J., & Wise, T. N. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710365980 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Arria, A. M., Geisner, I. M., Cimini, M. D., Kilmer, J. R., Caldeira, K. M., Barrall, A. L., Vincent, K. B., Fossos‐Wong, N., Yeh, J., Rhew, I. C., et al. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.013 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Work-related stress and cognitive enhancement among university teachers
Wiegel, C., Sattler, S., Göritz, A., & Diewald, M. (2016) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1025764 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Enhancement stimulants: perceived motivational and cognitive advantages
Ilieva, I. P., & Farah, M. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00198 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Jensen, C., Forlini, C., Partridge, B., & Hall, W. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00277 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Sedgwick-Müller, J. A., Müller-Sedgwick, U., Adamou, M., Catani, M., Champ, R., Gudjónsson, G., Hank, D., Pitts, M., Young, S., & Asherson, P. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03898-z · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Stimulant Prescription Cautions: Addressing Misuse, Diversion and Malingering
Rabiner, D. L. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0375-2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictors of Nonmedical ADHD Medication Use by College Students
Rabiner, D. L., Anastopoulos, A. D., Costello, E. J., Hoyle, R. H., & Swartzwelder, H. S. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709334505 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationSattler, S., Forlini, C., Racine, É., & Sauer, C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071452 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Rationale for Consuming Cognitive Enhancement Drugs in University Students and Teachers
Sattler, S., Sauer, C., Mehlkop, G., & Graeff, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068821 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
University students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a literature review
Sedgwick, J. (2017) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2017.20 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants Among Dental and Dental Hygiene Students
McNiel, A. D., Muzzin, K. B., DeWald, J. P., McCann, A. L., Schneiderman, E. D., Scofield, J. C., & Campbell, P. R. (2011) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/j.0022-0337.2011.75.3.tb05050.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Cognitive-enhancing substance use at German universities: frequency, reasons and gender differences
Mache, S., Eickenhorst, P., Vitzthum, K., Klapp, B. F., & Groneberg, D. A. (2012) · Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s10354-012-0115-y · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Prescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective
Schepis, T. S., Klare, D. L., Ford, J. A., & McCabe, S. E. (2020) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/1178221820909352 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationSattler, S., & Wiegel, C. (2013) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.751426 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Bennett, T. H., & Holloway, K. R. (2017) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.02.012 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Substance use to enhance academic performance among Australian university students
Mazanov, J., Dunn, M., Connor, J., & Fielding, M.-L. (2013) · Performance Enhancement & Health · doi:10.1016/j.peh.2013.08.017 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Sattler, S., Mehlkop, G., Graeff, P., & Sauer, C. (2014) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/1747-597x-9-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Anastopoulos, A. D., King, K. A., Besecker, L. H., O’Rourke, S. R., Bray, A. C., & Supple, A. J. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717749932 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobalization and Cognitive Enhancement: Emerging Social and Ethical Challenges for ADHD Clinicians
Singh, I., Filipe, Â. M., Bárd, I., Bergey, M. R., & Baker, L. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0385-0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
A New Organizational and Study Skills Intervention for College Students with ADHD
Hartung, C. M., Canu, W. H., Serrano, J. W., Vasko, J. M., Stevens, A. E., Abu-Ramadan, T. M., Bodalski, E. A., Neger, E. N., Bridges, R. M., Gleason, L. L., et al. (2022) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2020.09.005 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Predicting Students’ Intention to use Stimulants for Academic Performance Enhancement
Ponnet, K. S., Wouters, E., Walrave, M., Heirman, W., & Hal, G. F. V. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.952446 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The ethics of elective psychopharmacology
Mohamed, A. D., & Sahakian, B. J. (2011) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s146114571100037x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Hartung, C. M., Canu, W. H., Cleveland, C. S., Lefler, E. K., Mignogna, M. J., Fedele, D. A., Correia, C. J., Leffingwell, T. R., & Clapp, J. D. (2013) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0033822 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A systematic review of the motivations for the non-medical use of prescription drugs in young adults
Drazdowski, T. K. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.011 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Non-Medical Prescription Stimulant Use in Graduate Students
Verdi, G. R., Weyandt, L. L., & Zavras, B. M. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714529816 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., & Oster, D. R. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.023 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Clemow, D. B. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_426 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ethical Considerations in the Framing of the Cognitive Enhancement Debate
Outram, S. M. (2011) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-011-9131-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Expectations regarding cognitive enhancement create substantial challenges
Racine, É., & Forlini, C. (2009) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/jme.2009.030460 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Veliz, P. T., Boyd, C. J., & McCabe, S. E. (2013) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2013.74.714 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationMaier, L. J., Wunderli, M. D., Vonmoos, M., Roemmelt, A. T., Baumgartner, M. R., Seifritz, E., Schaub, M. P., & Quednow, B. B. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129805 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in postsecondary students
Murkett, K., Smart, W., & Nugent, K. (2014) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s64136 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Illicit Stimulant Use among Medical Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Alrakaf, F. A., Binyousef, F. H., Altammami, A. F., Alharbi, A., Shadid, A., & Alrahili, N. M. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.6688 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Are symptoms of ADHD related to substance use among college students?
Glass, K., & Flory, K. (2011) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0024215 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sattler, S., & Schunck, R. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01971 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Daubner, J., Arshaad, M. I., Henseler, C., Hescheler, J., Ehninger, D., Broich, K., Rawashdeh, O., Papazoglou, A., & Weiergräber, M. (2021) · Journal of Neural Transplantation and Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2021/8823383 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ford, J. A., & Pomykacz, C. R. (2016) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2016.1213471 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Consumption of Energy Drinks Among a Sample of College Students and College Student Athletes
Gallucci, A. R., Martin, R. J., & Morgan, G. B. (2015) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-015-0075-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Maier, L. J., Haug, S., & Schaub, M. P. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13059 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kilmer, J. R., Geisner, I. M., Gasser, M. L., & Lindgren, K. P. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.005 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Maier, L. J., Haug, S., & Schaub, M. P. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.09.012 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Blevins, C. E., Stephens, R. S., & Abrantes, A. M. (2016) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1245338 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Wilens, T., Zulauf, C., Martelon, M., Morrison, N. R., Simon, A., Carrellas, N. W., Yule, A., & Anselmo, R. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.14m09559 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The use of stimulants and atomoxetine in adults with comorbid ADHD and bipolar disorder
Perugi, G., & Vannucchi, G. (2015) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2015.1079620 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Neuropsychological functioning in college students who misuse prescription stimulants
Wilens, T. E., Carrellas, N. W., Martelon, M., Yule, A. M., Fried, R. S., Anselmo, R., & McCabe, S. E. (2017) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12551 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationForlini, C., & Racine, É. (2012) · AJOB Primary Research · doi:10.1080/21507716.2011.645116 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Motta‐Ochoa, R., Bertrand, K., Arruda, N., Jutras‐Aswad, D., & Roy, É. (2017) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.012 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Wolbring, G. (2011) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-011-9120-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Illegal College ADHD Stimulant Distributors: Characteristics and Potential Areas of Intervention
DeSantis, A. D., Anthony, K. E., & Cohen, E. L. (2013) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.778281 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Vargo, E. J., James, R. A., Agyeman, K. D., MacPhee, T., McIntyre, R., Ronca, F., & Petróczi, A. (2014) · Performance Enhancement & Health · doi:10.1016/j.peh.2015.02.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Treatments for Adolescents With Comorbid ADHD and Substance Use Disorder: A Systematic Review
Zaso, M. J., Park, A., & Antshel, K. M. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715569280 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Illicit Use of Prescription Stimulants on College Campuses
Bavarian, N., Flay, B. R., Ketcham, P. L., & Smit, E. (2015) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198115580576 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Dvorsky, M. R., Langberg, J. M., Molitor, S. J., & Bourchtein, E. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22268 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Stock, M. L., Litt, D., Arlt, V. K., Peterson, L. M., & Sommerville, J. (2012) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02087.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Normative influences on the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among college students.
Silvestri, M. M., & Correia, C. J. (2016) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000182 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The off-prescription use of modafinil: An online survey of perceived risks and benefits
Teodorini, R. D., Rycroft, N., & Smith-Spark, J. H. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227818 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Pharmaceutical cognitive doping in students: A chimeric way to get-a-head?
Carton, L., Cabé, N., Ménard, O., Deheul, S., Caous, A., Devos, D., Cottencin, O., & Bordet, R. (2018) · Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.therap.2018.02.005 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Neuroethical issues in pharmacological cognitive enhancement
Mohamed, A. D. (2014) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1306 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Prescription Stimulant Misuse and ADHD Symptomatology Among College Students in Iceland
Gudmundsdottir, B. G., Weyandt, L., & Ernudottir, G. B. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716684379 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Edinoff, A. N., Nix, C. A., McNeil, S. E., Wagner, S. E., Johnson, C. A., Williams, B. C., Cornett, E. M., Murnane, K. S., Kaye, A. M., & Kaye, A. D. (2022) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint3030018 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Steyn, F. (2016) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v22i1.760 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Psychosocial functioning among college students who misuse stimulants versus other drugs
Cole, V. T., & Hussong, A. M. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106290 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Kecojević, A., Corliss, H. L., & Lankenau, S. E. (2015) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.010 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Exploring the Relationship Between Stimulant Use and Gambling in College Students
Geisner, I. M., Huh, D., Cronce, J. M., Lostutter, T. W., Kilmer, J. R., & Larimer, M. E. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9586-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Associations between adolescent sleep deficiency and prescription opioid misuse in adulthood
Groenewald, C. B., Law, E. F., Rabbitts, J. A., & Palermo, T. M. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa201 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
An Exploratory Multilevel Analysis of Nonprescription Stimulant Use in a Sample of College Students
Bavarian, N., Flay, B. R., & Smit, E. (2013) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/0022042613491109 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sierawska, A., Prehn-Kristensen, A., Moliadze, V., Krauel, K., Nowak, R., Freitag, C., Siniatchkin, M., & Buyx, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00334 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Benson, K., Woodlief, D. T., Flory, K., Siceloff, E. R., Coleman, K., & Lamont, A. E. (2018) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000202 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Jalilian, F., Matin, B. K., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Ataee, M., Mahboubi, M., Motlagh, F. Z., & Aghaei, A. (2013) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Gonzales, R. E., Brecht, M., Mooney, L. J., & Rawson, R. A. (2010) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2010.11.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Teter, C. J., DiRaimo, C. G., West, B. T., Schepis, T. S., & McCabe, S. E. (2018) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1177/0897190018783887 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Rabiner, D. L., Anastopoulos, A. D., Costello, E. J., Hoyle, R. H., McCabe, S. E., & Swartzwelder, H. S.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rabiner, David L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Attention Disorders
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-07-29
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 259-270
- ISSN
- 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1246
- OpenAlex
- W2118016764
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 3.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA018754)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- university students, stimulant abuse, attention deficits, academic performance, perceived consequences, adverse drug reactions, self-medication
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Motivation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Self Medication, Sex Factors, Students, Universities, Chi-Square Distribution, Prescription Drugs
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
