Cultural regulation of emotion: individual, relational, and structural sources.
Open accessAbstract
The most prevalent and intense emotional experiences differ across cultures. These differences in emotional experience can be understood as the outcomes of emotion regulation, because emotions that fit the valued relationships within a culture tend to be most common and intense. We review evidence suggesting that emotion regulation underlying cultural differences in emotional experience often takes place at the point of emotion elicitation through the promotion of situations and appraisals that are consistent with culturally valued relationships. These regulatory processes depend on individual tendencies, but are also co-regulated within relationships-close others shape people's environment and help them appraise events in culturally valued ways-and are afforded by structural conditions-people's daily lives "limit" the opportunities for emotion, and afford certain appraisals. The combined evidence suggests that cultural differences in emotion regulation go well beyond the effortful regulation based on display rules.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Affective experiences are often congruent with cultural norms and deeply shaped by interpersonal co-regulation as well as structural and sociocultural affordances.
“Thus, at the very level of emotion elicitation, affective experiences are often congruent with cultural norms and deeply shaped by interpersonal co-regulation as well as structural and sociocultural affordances (e.g., shame-, or honor-based value-systems, ethnic-pride or caste frameworks) (De Leersnyder et al., 2013).”
From Collaborative Irrationality, Akrasia, and Groupthink: Social Disruptions of Emotion Regulation (2017) · cites this paper as De Leersnyder et al., 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995 · cited 2× · see citing works
“To have proper and good relationships with others means something different in different cultures (e.g., D’Andrade, 1984; Holland and Quinn, 1987; Bruner, 1990; Markus and Kitayama, 1991; Shweder and Haidt, 2000).”
BackgroundSchwartz, S. H. (1992) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60281-6 · Cited by 14,619 · cited 1× · see citing works
“They also indicated if and to what extent the situation had been either consistent or inconsistent with a number of different concerns that were based on the Schwartz value questionnaire (Schwartz, 1992).”
ResultThe emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916 · cited 4× · see citing works
““Situation selection” has been described as “approaching or avoiding certain people, places, or objects in order to regulate emotions” (Gross, 1998, p. 283); appraisal involves taking an evaluative stance (Solomon, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluential(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-6498 · Cited by 8,158 · see citing works
Individualism and Collectivism
Hayek, F. A. (1976) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203991718-8 · Cited by 6,080 · see citing works
Handbook of Emotion Regulation
Lambert, K. G. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.15.1808 · Cited by 4,900 · see citing works
Editorial Office (1997) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/096089297765555359 · Cited by 3,917 · see citing works
The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding
EKMAN, P., & FRIESEN, W. V. (1969) · Semiotica · doi:10.1515/semi.1969.1.1.49 · Cited by 3,316 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Japanese display rules were thought to underlie this difference in the expression of negative emotions (Ekman and Friesen, 1969).”
BackgroundHandbook of emotion regulation
Gross, J. (2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.52-1127 · Cited by 3,280 · see citing works
Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness
Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Schure, E. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.212 · Cited by 2,379 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Moreover, the appraisal dimension of controllability tends to be central in the appraisal patterns of anger and frustration (e.g., Frijda, 1986; Frijda et al., 1989; Stein et al., 1993; Kuppens et al., 2003): Experiencing anger implies that something has happened that is inconsistent with your goals, and that the situ…”
BackgroundEkman, P. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.3.550 · Cited by 2,376 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Emotion regulation has always been considered an important source of cross-cultural differences in emotions (e.g., Ekman, 1992).”
BackgroundIs there a universal need for positive self-regard?
Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.4.766 · Cited by 2,247 · cited 4× · see citing works
“In contrast, “good relationships” in most East Asian cultural contexts are those in which partners are interdependent and interconnected and adjust to each other’s expectations (Lebra, 1992; Heine et al., 1999; Kim and Markus, 1999; Oishi and Diener, 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCultural Models in Language and Thought
(1987) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607660 · Cited by 2,238 · see citing works
Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.
Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276 · Cited by 2,224 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In contrast, East Asians value low arousal positive states (e.g., calm, relaxed), because these emotional states facilitate attention to the context (Bradley et al., 2001 as cited in Tsai, 2007) and prepare people for adjusting their behavior to others’ needs (Tsai et al., 2007).”
BackgroundThe geography of thought : how Asians and Westerners think differently--and why
Nisbett, R. E. (2003) · Cited by 1,983 · see citing works
Individualism and Collectivism
Triandis, H. C. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429499845 · Cited by 1,796 · see citing works
Social Functions of Emotions at Four Levels of Analysis
Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379168 · Cited by 1,743 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Emotions are central to social relationships (e.g., Jankowiak and Fischer, 1992; Frijda and Mesquita, 1994; Keltner and Haidt, 1999; Oatley et al., 2006; Mesquita, 2010).”
BackgroundKitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1245 · Cited by 1,581 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In order to meet these relational expectations, individuals need to be aware of and improve on their shortcomings; hence the focus is on negative information about oneself (Kitayama et al., 1997).”
BackgroundDeviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity: A cultural analysis
Kim, H., & Markus, H. R. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.785 · Cited by 1,216 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In European American contexts, a “good relationship” is one in which each partner remains autonomous and partners mutually strengthen each other’s individuality and independence (Triandis, 1995; Kim and Markus, 1999; Rothbaum et al., 2000).”
BackgroundWhiting, B. B., & Whiting, J. W. M. (1975) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674593770 · Cited by 1,134 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Across different cultures, parents appear to highlight the types of emotional experiences that are central to the culture’s relationship ideals (Whiting and Whiting, 1975; Röttger-Rössler et al., in press).”
BackgroundEmotional responses to goal attainment: Strength of regulatory focus as moderator.
Higgins, E. T., Shah, J. J., & Friedman, R. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.72.3.515 · Cited by 1,115 · see citing works
Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396.025 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
Lee, A. Y., Aaker, J. L., & Gardner, W. L. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1122 · Cited by 977 · cited 4× · see citing works
“A promotion focus leads to happiness in the case of success, and to depression in the case of failure, whereas a prevention focus leads to relief in the case of success, and anxiety in the case of failure (Higgins et al., 1997; Lee et al., 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialKitayama, S., Mesquita, B., & Karasawa, M. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.890 · Cited by 925 · cited 4× · see citing works
“In the diary study mentioned above (Kitayama et al., 2006), European American and Japanese students reported more positive adjustment when their emotions were closest to the cultural ideal.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationEmotional responses to goal attainment: Strength of regulatory focus as moderator
Higgins, E. T., Shah, J., & Friedman, R. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.515 · Cited by 878 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A promotion focus leads to happiness in the case of success, and to depression in the case of failure, whereas a prevention focus leads to relief in the case of success, and anxiety in the case of failure (Higgins et al., 1997; Lee et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMatsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., & Fontaine, J. (2008) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022107311854 · Cited by 864 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Response-focused emotion regulation, in the form of suppression of emotional experience or expression, may be only one of the many types of cultural regulation of emotions (e.g., Matsumoto et al., 2008).”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation in Everyday Life.
Gross, J. J., Richards, J. M., & John, O. P. (2006) · Emotion regulation in couples and families: Pathways to dysfunction and health. · doi:10.1037/11468-001 · Cited by 829 · cited 1× · see citing works
“What these experiences are may differ across cultures; yet, universally, emotion regulation appears to be motivated by a person’s need to establish and maintain proper and good relationships (Thompson, 1991; Gross et al., 2006).”
BackgroundStanding out and standing in: The psychology of control in America and Japan.
Weisz, J. R., Rothbaum, F. M., & Blackburn, T. C. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.9.955 · Cited by 820 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Whereas the European American cultural ideals tend to emphasize control and predictability and, as such, promote a view of the world as malleable (Weisz et al., 1984; Mesquita and Ellsworth, 2001; Morling et al., 2002), Indian cultural ideals don’t show this tendency (Miller et al., 1990; Savani et…”
BackgroundIdeal Affect: Cultural Causes and Behavioral Consequences
Tsai, J. L. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00043.x · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression.
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., Fletcher, C., & Gramzow, R. H. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.62.4.669 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
On the Nature of Emotion Regulation
Campos, J. J., Frankel, C. B., & Camras, L. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00681.x · Cited by 749 · cited 4× · see citing works
“, a caregiver telling the child that her brother did not break the toy on purpose, and that she should get over her anger (e.g., Eisenberg et al., 1999; Campos et al., 2004; Holodynski and Friedlmeier, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialLeung, A. K. ‐., & Cohen, D. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022151 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
Child Rearing and Children's Prosocial Initiations toward Victims of Distress
Zahn‐Waxler, C., Radke‐Yarrow, M., & King, R. A. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04112.x · Cited by 665 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In general, many of those parental regulatory strategies may increase empathy and heighten self-conscious emotions such as shame or guilt (Zahn-Waxler et al., 1979).”
BackgroundA Cross-Cultural Perspective on Romantic Love
Jankowiak, W. R., & Fischer, E. F. (1992) · Ethnology · doi:10.2307/3773618 · Cited by 646 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Emotions are central to social relationships (e.g., Jankowiak and Fischer, 1992; Frijda and Mesquita, 1994; Keltner and Haidt, 1999; Oatley et al., 2006; Mesquita, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialNever in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family
Shiloh, A. (1971) · Social Casework · doi:10.1177/104438947105200711 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Emotional regulation and emotional development
Thompson, R. A. (1991) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01319934 · Cited by 641 · cited 1× · see citing works
“What these experiences are may differ across cultures; yet, universally, emotion regulation appears to be motivated by a person’s need to establish and maintain proper and good relationships (Thompson, 1991; Gross et al., 2006).”
BackgroundThe social roles and functions of emotions.
Frijda, N. H., & Mesquita, B. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10152-002 · Cited by 632 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Emotions are central to social relationships (e.g., Jankowiak and Fischer, 1992; Frijda and Mesquita, 1994; Keltner and Haidt, 1999; Oatley et al., 2006; Mesquita, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationShamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression.
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C., & Gramzow, R. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.669 · Cited by 620 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These co-regulatory efforts may explain why shame is frequently transformed into anger in the American cultural context (Tangney et al., 1992, as cited in Kitayama and Masuda, 1995).”
BackgroundNisbett, R. E. (2003) · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Reiser, M. (1999) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00037 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Rothbaum, F. M., Pott, M., Azuma, H., Miyake, K., & Weisz, J. R. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00214 · Cited by 546 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In European American contexts, a “good relationship” is one in which each partner remains autonomous and partners mutually strengthen each other’s individuality and independence (Triandis, 1995; Kim and Markus, 1999; Rothbaum et al., 2000).”
BackgroundNever in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family
Briggs, J. L. (1970) · Man · doi:10.2307/2799907 · Cited by 545 · cited 8× · see citing works
“In her ethnography Never in Anger, the anthropologist Jean Briggs describes her time with the Utku Inuit (Briggs, 1970).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Cross-Cultural Analysis of Avoidance (Relative to Approach) Personal Goals
Elliot, A. J., Chirkov, V. I., Kim, Y., & Sheldon, K. M. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00393 · Cited by 529 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…3 more focused on the accomplishment of positive outcomes (i.e., promotion focus), whereas people in cultures emphasizing relational harmony and obligation (e.g. East Asian, Russian) are more concerned with avoiding negative outcomes (i.e., prevention focus; Lee et al., 2000; Elliott et al., 2001).”
BackgroundBecoming a Moral Child: The Socialization of Shame among Young Chinese Children
Fung, H. (1999) · Ethos · doi:10.1525/eth.1999.27.2.180 · Cited by 522 · cited 3× · see citing works
“believe it is necessary and effective to highlight shame when their pre-school children transgress social rules (Wang, 1992; Fung, 1999; Fung and Chen, 2002 as cited in Fung, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialKitayama, S., & Markus, H. R. (2000) · Culture and Subjective Well-Being · doi:10.7551/mitpress/2242.003.0010 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Child Rearing and Children's Prosocial Initiations toward Victims of Distress
Zahn‐Waxler, C., Radke‐Yarrow, M., & King, R. A. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129406 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Cultural practices emphasize influence in the United States and adjustment in Japan
Morling, B., Kitayama, S., & Miyamoto, Y. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202286003 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Miller, J. G., Bersoff, D. M., & Harwood, R. L. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.33 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Handbook of Dynamics in Parent-Child Relations
Kuczynski, L. (2003) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452229645 · Cited by 418 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Japanese parents rarely express direct disagreement with their non-compliant children; instead, they go through cycles of mutual perspective taking (Trommsdorff and Kornadt, 2003) or express negativity indirectly, e.g., by “suffering” (DeVos, 1985) or through silence (Johnson, 1995).”
BackgroundThe Construction of Emotion in Interactions, Relationships, and Cultures
Boiger, M., & Mesquita, B. (2012) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073912439765 · Cited by 379 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In many ways, situation selection takes place in the context our relationships with others; hence, interactions with others shape our emotional experience (Boiger and Mesquita, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMiller, J. G., Bersoff, D. M., & Harwood, R. L. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.58.1.33 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Goals, Culture, and Subjective Well-Being
Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672012712010 · Cited by 348 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In contrast, “good relationships” in most East Asian cultural contexts are those in which partners are interdependent and interconnected and adjust to each other’s expectations (Lebra, 1992; Heine et al., 1999; Kim and Markus, 1999; Oishi and Diener, 2003).”
BackgroundCognition and Emotion Lecture at the 2010 SPSP Emotion Preconference
Gross, J. J., Sheppes, G., & Urry, H. L. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.555753 · Cited by 322 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The literature on emotion regulation has primarily focused on individual-level emotion regulation (Gross, 1998; Gross et al., 2011)—e.g., Mary is angry at John, but she tries to reinterpret his rude behavior by telling herself that he has been under a lot of pressure, or may just have been…”
BackgroundMesquita, B., Vissers, N., & Leersnyder, J. D. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.24012-9 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Self-citationThinking about feeling : contemporary philosophers on emotions
Solomon, R. C. (2004) · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Personal Storytelling as a Medium of Socialization in Chinese and American Families
Miller, P. J., Wiley, A. R., Fung, H., & Liang, C.-H. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01958.x · Cited by 293 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Observational studies with European American parents in the tough and dangerous lower class neighborhoods of Baltimore provide a sharp contrast to the Taiwanese example (Miller et al., 1996, 1997).”
ResultWang, Q. (2001) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(01)00055-7 · Cited by 288 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In one study, European American and Chinese mothers were asked to discuss recent emotional events with their children (Wang, 2001).”
BackgroundThe appraisal basis of anger: Specificity, necessity and sufficiency of components.
Kuppens, P., Mechelen, I. V., Smits, D., & de Boeck, P. A. L. (2003) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.3.3.254 · Cited by 288 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Moreover, the appraisal dimension of controllability tends to be central in the appraisal patterns of anger and frustration (e.g., Frijda, 1986; Frijda et al., 1989; Stein et al., 1993; Kuppens et al., 2003): Experiencing anger implies that something has happened that is inconsistent with your goals, and that the situ…”
BackgroundDevelopment of Emotions and Emotion Regulation
Holodynski, M., Friedlmeier, W., & Harrow, J. (2005) · doi:10.1007/b101090 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Influence and adjustment goals: Sources of cultural differences in ideal affect.
Tsai, J. L., Miao, F. F., Seppala, E. M., Fung, H. H.-L., & Yeung, D. Y.-L. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1102 · Cited by 265 · cited 4× · see citing works
“, 2001 as cited in Tsai, 2007) and prepare people for adjusting their behavior to others’ needs (Tsai et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialChildren of Six Cultures: A Psycho-Cultural Analysis.
Barry, H., Whiting, B. B., & Whiting, J. W. M. (1976) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2063112 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Maternal Expectations For Mastery of Developmental Tasks In Japan And The United States
Hess, R. D., Kashiwagi, K., Azuma, H., et al. (1980) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207598008246996 · Cited by 257 · cited 2× · see citing works
“European American parents, on the other hand, expect their children to self-assert and to stand up for themselves (Hess et al., 1980).”
BackgroundPersonal Storytelling as a Medium of Socialization in Chinese and American Families
Miller, P. J., Wiley, A. R., Fung, H., & Liang, C.-H. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131678 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Where Do My Emotions Belong? A Study of Immigrants’ Emotional Acculturation
Leersnyder, J. D., Mesquita, B., & Kim, H. S. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211399103 · Cited by 236 · cited 2× · see citing works
“That cultures dictate the endpoints of emotion regulation is also suggested by recent studies on emotional acculturation (De Leersnyder et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citation(2007) · Lirias · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationCultural Variations in the Socialization of Young Children's Anger and Shame
Cole, P. M., Tamang, B. L., & Shrestha, S. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00931.x · Cited by 200 · cited 5× · see citing works
“The Brahmans, on the other hand, are members of a high-status Hindu caste which is associated with ethnic pride, social dominance, and a high level of self-control.”
BackgroundInfluentialAffecting Others: Social Appraisal and Emotion Contagion in Everyday Decision Making
Parkinson, B., & Simons, G. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209336611 · Cited by 195 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Relational co-regulation Other people’s appraisals are often referenced when people have to assess the meaning of situations (Parkinson and Simons, 2009).”
BackgroundMiller, P. J., Fung, H., & Mintz, J. (1996) · Ethos · doi:10.1525/eth.1996.24.2.02a00020 · Cited by 178 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Situation selection may thus take place at the individual, the relational, and the structural level; culture may play a role at all levels.”
BackgroundResultParenting among Latino families in the U.S.
Harwood, R., Leyendecker, B., Carlson, V. J., et al. (2002) · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Condoned or Condemned: The Situational Affordance of Anger and Shame in the United States and Japan
Boiger, M., Mesquita, B., Uchida, Y., & Barrett, L. F. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213478201 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Impact of Culture on Adaptive Versus Maladaptive Self-Reflection
Grossmann, I., & Kross, E. F. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610376655 · Cited by 159 · cited 1× · see citing works
“That cultural difference in perspective or appraisal lead to different emotional experiences is also suggested by a study in which people were asked to think about a past emotional event (Grossmann and Kross, 2010, Study 2).”
Japanese and United States Preschool Children's Responses to Conflict and Distress
Zahn‐Waxler, C., Friedman, R. J., Cole, P. M., et al. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01868.x · Cited by 157 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Re-appraising angering situations in this way may explain the lower levels of anger in Japan (Zahn-Waxler et al., 1996).”
BackgroundThe cultural psychology of emotion.
Mesquita, B., & Leu, J. (2007) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment of “Agentic” Regulation in Cultural Context: The Role of Self and World Views
Trommsdorff, G. (2011) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00224.x · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Cultural Differences and Cross-Cultural Similarities in Appraisals and Emotional Responses
Roseman, I. J., Dhawan, N., Rettek, S. I., Naidu, R. K., & Thapa, K. (1995) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022195261003 · Cited by 149 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Thus, Frontiers in Psychology | Emotion Science February 2013 | Volume 4 | Article 55 | 8 both situational affordances (i.e., Indian situations call for accommodation) and individual psychological tendencies (i.e., Indians are by default more likely to adjust) contributed to cultural differences in how people reacted.”
ResultJapanese and United States Preschool Children's Responses to Conflict and Distress
Zahn‐Waxler, C., Friedman, R. J., Cole, P. M., et al. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131634 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The Role of Culture in Appraisal
Mesquita, B., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195130072.003.0013 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationCohen, D., Vandello, J. A., Puente, S., & Rantilla, A. K. (1999) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2695863 · Cited by 139 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The structural organization of everyday life may fulfill a similar role: politeness rules in some societies reduce the likelihood of experiencing anger eliciting encounters (Cohen, 1999).”
BackgroundReligious Identification, Beliefs, and Practices Among Turkish Belgian and Moroccan Belgian Muslims
Güngör, D., Fleischmann, F., & Phalet, K. (2011) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022111412342 · Cited by 136 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Parents organize their children’s lives almost entirely; moreover, parental efforts appear to be in the direction of promoting situations that elicit culturally valued experiences (e.g., Goodnow, 1997; Güngör et al., 2011).”
BackgroundFung, H., & Chen, E. C. (2001) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00173 · Cited by 125 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, Taiwanese parents Frontiers in Psychology | Emotion Science February 2013 | Volume 4 | Article 55 | 4 believe it is necessary and effective to highlight shame when their pre-school children transgress social rules (Wang, 1992; Fung, 1999; Fung and Chen, 2002 as cited in Fung, 1999).”
BackgroundDeRoche, E. F. (1997) · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Lubin, N. (1984) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-07204-0_8 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Lee, A. Y., Aaker, J. L., & Gardner, W. L. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.6.1122 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Parent-Child Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Trommsdorff, G., & Kornadt, H.-J. (2003) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452229645.n14 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Cohen, D., Hoshino‐Browne, E., & Leung, A. K. ‐. (2007) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)39001-6 · Cited by 121 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In independent contexts, parents tended to emphasize a first-person perspective on situations that may intensify the child’s felt emotions (Cohen et al., 2007); a first person perspective also foregrounds socially disengaging emotions, such as anger (see also Harwood et al., 2002).”
BackgroundUnderstanding emotions, 2nd ed.
Oatley, K., Keltner, D. J., & Jenkins, J. M. (2006) · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Maternal Strategies for Regulating Children's Behavior
Conroy, M., Hess, R. D., Azuma, H., et al. (1980) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022180112002 · Cited by 117 · cited 3× · see citing works
“When dealing with a non-compliant child, they tend to use more coercion (Conroy et al., 1980; Hess et al., 1980), e.”
BackgroundWhy We Remember and What We Remember
Ross, M., & Wang, Q. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610375555 · Cited by 116 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Parents frequently use these conversations to reminisce about recent emotional events (Ross and Wang, 2010).”
BackgroundProud Americans and lucky Japanese: Cultural differences in appraisal and corresponding emotion.
Imada, T., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022855 · Cited by 113 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A recent study tested the idea that cultural differences in the appraisal of causal agency are associated with different emotional experiences (Imada and Ellsworth, 2011).”
BackgroundSavani, K., Morris, M. W., Naidu, N. V. R., Kumar, S., & Berlia, N. V. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021083 · Cited by 113 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…European American cultural ideals tend to emphasize control and predictability and, as such, promote a view of the world as malleable (Weisz et al., 1984; Mesquita and Ellsworth, 2001; Morling et al., 2002), Indian cultural ideals don’t show this tendency (Miller et al., 1990; Savani et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1981) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110880021.57 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Culture and Well-Being: The Cycle of Action, Evaluation, and Decision
Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203252802 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In contrast, “good relationships” in most East Asian cultural contexts are those in which partners are interdependent and interconnected and adjust to each other’s expectations (Lebra, 1992; Heine et al., 1999; Kim and Markus, 1999; Oishi and Diener, 2003).”
BackgroundDevelopment of Emotion Regulation in Cultural Context
Trommsdorff, G., & Rothbaum, F. M. (2008) · doi:10.1002/9781444301786.ch4 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Rendall, J. (1985) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-17733-2_5 · Cited by 82 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This practice highlights shortcomings or weaknesses and encourages improvement (Lewis, 1995), thereby affording emotions such as shame.”
BackgroundDependency and Japanese Socialization: Psychoanalytic and Anthropological Investigations into Amae
Tobin, J. J., & Johnson, F. A. (1994) · Journal of Japanese Studies · doi:10.2307/132791 · Cited by 79 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Japanese parents rarely express direct disagreement with their non-compliant children; instead, they go through cycles of mutual perspective taking (Trommsdorff and Kornadt, 2003) or express negativity indirectly, e.g., by “suffering” (DeVos, 1985) or through silence (Johnson, 1995).”
BackgroundNepali children's ideas about emotional displays in hypothetical challenges.
Cole, P. M., & Tamang, B. L. (1998) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.4.640 · Cited by 79 · cited 5× · see citing works
“The Brahmans, on the other hand, are members of a high-status Hindu caste which is associated with ethnic pride, social dominance, and a high level of self-control.”
BackgroundInfluentialToward Disentangling Sources of Individual Differences in Appraisal and Anger
Kuppens, P., Mechelen, I. V., & Rijmen, F. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00511.x · Cited by 76 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Kuppens et al. (2008) showed that people’s appraisal of angering situations depends to a large extent on the antecedent situations themselves.”
BackgroundBack to Basics: On the Very Idea of “Basic Emotions”
Solomon, R. C. (2002) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/1468-5914.00180 · Cited by 75 · cited 2× · see citing works
“By having and expressing an emotion, we take a stance in the social world, express our concerns, and reveal our strategies, goals, and intentions to act (Frijda, 1986, 2007; Solomon, 2004; Griffiths and Scarantino, 2009).”
BackgroundGoodnow, J. J. (1997) · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Röttger‐Rössler, B., Scheidecker, G., Jung, S., & Holodynski, M. (2013) · Mind Culture and Activity · doi:10.1080/10749039.2013.806551 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Emotions in the wild: The situated perspective on emotionPreprint
Griffiths, P. E., & Scarantino, A. (2005) · PhilSci-Archive (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Lebra, T. S. (1992) · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The cultural psychology of emotions
Mesquita, B., & Leu, J. (2007) · Lirias · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationEmoting: A contextualized process
Mesquita, B. (2010) · Lirias · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationPreschool girls' distress and mothers' sensitivity in Japan and Germany
Trommsdorff, G., & Friedlmeier, W. (2009) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405620802252742 · Cited by 47 · cited 2× · see citing works
“By contrast, Japanese and Indian mothers ignored their child’s negative emotions, thus challenging their interpretation of the situation as one of distress (Trommsdorff and Friedlmeier, 1993, 2010; Trommsdorff, 2006).”
BackgroundGoals, Culture, and Subjective Well-Being
Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2352-0_5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Culture and Automatic Emotion Regulation
Mauss, I. B., Bunge, S. A., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · doi:10.1002/9781444301786.ch2 · Cited by 45 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The first reason is that, with few exceptions, appraisal and re-appraisal are hard to distinguish both conceptually and empirically (Campos et al., 2004; Mesquita and Albert, 2007; Mesquita and Frijda, 2011), because these processes often occur automatically (Mauss et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAn emotion perspective on emotion regulation.
Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. H. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.586824 · Cited by 45 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The first reason is that, with few exceptions, appraisal and re-appraisal are hard to distinguish both conceptually and empirically (Campos et al., 2004; Mesquita and Albert, 2007; Mesquita and Frijda, 2011), because these processes often occur automatically (Mauss et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationKlein, R., Canary, D. J., Cupach, W. R., et al. (1996) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353518 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Control and responsiveness in Japanese and German mother‐child interactions
Trommsdorff, G., & Friedlmeier, W. (1993) · Early Development and Parenting · doi:10.1002/edp.2430020109 · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“By contrast, Japanese and Indian mothers ignored their child’s negative emotions, thus challenging their interpretation of the situation as one of distress (Trommsdorff and Friedlmeier, 1993, 2010; Trommsdorff, 2006).”
BackgroundWhy do doctored images distort memory?
Nash, R. A., Wade, K. A., & Brewer, R. (2009) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.04.011 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Emotions and anthropology: The logic of emotional world views1
Solomon, R. C. (1978) · Inquiry · doi:10.1080/00201747808601841 · Cited by 34 · cited 1× · see citing works
“At the level of the individual, it is often hard to know whether this regulation happens immediately (as when the Utku Inuit recognize less entitlement; Solomon, 1978), or whether it is a correction of an initially different response (as when they consider the mitigating circumstances).”
BackgroundReappraising Cognitive Appraisal From a Cultural Perspective
Kitayama, S., & Masuda, T. (1995) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0603_6 · Cited by 32 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These co-regulatory efforts may explain why shame is frequently transformed into anger in the American cultural context (Tangney et al., 1992, as cited in Kitayama and Masuda, 1995).”
BackgroundThe Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition: Emotions in the Wild
Griffiths, P., & Scarantino, A. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816826.023 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Development of emotions as organized by culture
Trommsdorff, G. (2006) · KOPS (University of Konstanz) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Aggressiveness and its Developmental Conditions in Five Cultures
Kornadt, H.-J., Hayashi, T., Tachibana, Y., et al. (1992) · KOPS (University of Konstanz) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cummins, P. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470713136.ch1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Aggression : Die Rolle der Erziehung in Europa und Ostasien
Kornadt, H.-J. (2011) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wang, X. (1992) · University Microfilms International eBooks · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nepali children's ideas about emotional displays in hypothetical challenges.
Cole, P. M., & Tamang, B. L. (1998) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.34.4.640 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
8 of the 128 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- D'Andrade R. G. (1984). Culture meaning systems, in Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion, eds Shweder R. A. Levine R. A. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 88– 119
- Frijda N. H. (1986). The Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Hochschild J. L. (1995). What is the American dream? in Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class and the Soul of the Nation, ed Hochschild J. L. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 15– 38
- Levy R. I. (1978). Tahitian gentleness and redundant controls, in Learning Non-Aggression: The Experience of Non-Literate Societies, ed Montagu A. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press), 222– 235
- Stein N. L. Trabasso T. Liwag M. (1993). The representation and organization of emotional experience: unfolding the emotion episode, in Handbook of Emotions, eds Lewis M. Haviland J. M. (New York, NY: Guilford Press), 279– 300
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Why Do People Regulate Their Emotions? A Taxonomy of Motives in Emotion Regulation
Tamir, M. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868315586325 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Siegel, E. H., Sands, M. K., Van den Noortgate, W., Condon, P., Chang, Y., Dy, J., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000128 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Emotion words, emotion concepts, and emotional development in children: A constructionist hypothesis
Hoemann, K., Xu, F., & Barrett, L. F. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000686 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
(2013) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp · Cited by 239 · see citing works
The experience of emotion: Directions for tourism design
Volo, S. (2020) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2020.103097 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Context is Everything (in Emotion Research)
Greenaway, K. H., Kalokerinos, E. K., & Williams, L. A. (2018) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12393 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Condoned or Condemned: The Situational Affordance of Anger and Shame in the United States and Japan
Boiger, M., Mesquita, B., Uchida, Y., & Barrett, L. F. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213478201 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“Individuals may, for example, also actively seek out certain situations or (re-)appraise them in culturally desirable ways (see also De Leersnyder et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDoing emotions: The role of culture in everyday emotions
Mesquita, B., Boiger, M., & Leersnyder, J. D. (2017) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2017.1329107 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentifying the determinants of emotion regulation choice: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Matthews, M., Webb, T. L., Shafir, R., Snow, M. B., & Sheppes, G. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.1945538 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“This is perhaps surprising as a number of studies have examined the e ff ect of culture on other facets of emotion regulation, such as the use of regulatory strategies (e.g. De Leersnyder et al., 2013; Matsumoto et al., 2008; Mauss et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPotthoff, S., Garnefski, N., Miklósi, M., Ubbiali, A., Domínguez-Sánchez, F. J., Martins, E. C., Witthöft, M., & Kraaij, V. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.022 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Hoemann, K., & Barrett, L. F. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1535428 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Defending honour, keeping face: Interpersonal affordances of anger and shame in Turkey and Japan
Boiger, M., Güngör, D., Karasawa, M., & Mesquita, B. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.881324 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationWrongdoing and the Moral Emotions
Pereboom, D. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192846006.001.0001 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Cultural Differences in Interpersonal Emotion Regulation
Liddell, B. J., & Williams, E. N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00999 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Emotional acculturation: a first review
Leersnyder, J. D. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.06.007 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“People who engage in the same cultural context are thus subjected to the same type of cultural up/down regulation of emotions (see [12,13] for reviews).”
A pancultural perspective on the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory
Ritchie, T. D., Batteson, T. J., Bohn, A., Crawford, M. T., Ferguson, G. V., Schrauf, R. W., Vogl, R. J., & Walker, W. R. (2014) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2014.884138 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Consistent with pancultural emotion regulation ideas reviewed by De Leersnyder, Boiger, and Mesquita (2013), one culture might encourage the elaboration of emotional experiences whereas another might dissuade such elaboration, leading members of one culture to respond to a situation with…”
BackgroundEmotion Perception as Conceptual Synchrony
Gendron, M., & Barrett, L. F. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917705717 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Emotions are temporal interpersonal systems
Butler, E. A. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.005 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
A Multimodal Theory of Affect Diffusion.
Peters, K., & Kashima, Y. (2015) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000020 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Racial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation: A systematic review
Weiss, N. H., Thomas, E. D., Schick, M. R., Reyes, M. E., & Contractor, A. A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23284 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Cultural concepts of distress and complex PTSD: Future directions for research and treatment
Heim, E., Karatzias, T., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102143 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Yuan, J., Liu, Y., Ding, N., & Yang, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097420 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“However, though Chinese subjects are well known for collectivistic and relational cultural values [33,34,85], we need to acknowledge that it was a weakness we did not overtly assess the cultural values of our subjects, which should have then reinforced this explanation.”
BackgroundLaghi, F., Bianchi, D., Pompili, S., Lonigro, A., & Baiocco, R. (2018) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-018-0603-1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Moral Responsibility Reconsidered
Caruso, G. D., & Pereboom, D. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009219730 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Matthews, G., Reinerman-Jones, L., Burke, C. S., Teo, G. W. L., & Scribner, D. R. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.045 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Guidelines for Assessing and Minimizing Risks of Emotion Recognition Applications
Hernandez, J., Lovejoy, J., McDuff, D., Suh, J., O'Brien, T., Sethumadhavan, A., Greene, G., Picard, R. W., & Czerwinski, M. P. (2021) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii52823.2021.9597452 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Differences in individual styles or cultural norms for emotional expressiveness and suppression can lead to an obvious mismatch between felt emotions, expressed emotions, and perceived emotions [71]–[73].”
BackgroundBaeza-Rivera, M. J., Salazar-Fernández, C., Manríquez-Robles, D., Salinas-Oñate, N., & Smith‐Castro, V. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416522 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…and the consequent emotional response hinders integration, as the interactions established between immigrants and persons or groups from the host country are affected, which in turn modulates future behaviours between both groups and the limits or parameters for the expression of emotions [118].”
Emotions and concerns: Situational evidence for their systematic co-occurrence.
Leersnyder, J. D., Koval, P., Kuppens, P., & Mesquita, B. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000314 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationDesired emotional states: their nature, causes, and implications for emotion regulation
Tamir, M., & Gutentag, T. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.06.014 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The role of emotions in the choice to adopt, or resist, innovations by Irish dairy farmers
Rieple, A., & Snijders, S. (2017) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.11.039 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569661/ Accessed 26.04.17. Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. (2013). Milk Quotas - An Overview.”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotion Regulation and Attrition in Parent–Child Interaction Therapy
Lieneman, C. C., Girard, E. I., Quetsch, L. B., & McNeil, C. B. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01674-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tamir, M., & Millgram, Y. (2017) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2016.12.001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Puente-Martínez, A., Páez, D., Ubillos-Landa, S., & Costa-Dutra, S. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01592 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Koç, M. S., Aka, B. T., Doğruyol, B., Curtiss, J. E., Carpenter, J. K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09732-3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“In other words, using others to regulate emotions might be a predefined goal instead of an instrument to deal with problems (De Leersnyder et al. 2013).”
BackgroundEmotions, Psychological Structure of
Shuman, V., & Scherer, K. R. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.25007-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hosny, N., Bovey, M., Dutray, F., & Heim, E. (2023) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100258 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Undivided Forward-Looking Moral Responsibility
Pereboom, D. (2021) · The Monist · doi:10.1093/monist/onab014 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
An Emotional Experience of Entrepreneurship
Zampetakis, L. A., Kafetsios, K. G., Lerakis, M., & Moustakis, V. S. (2016) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/0894845316640898 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Jelińska, M., & Paradowski, M. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643229 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Modeling the role of emotion regulation and critical thinking in immunity in higher education
Li, M., Heydarnejad, T., Azizi, Z., & Gashti, Z. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1005071 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Cultural Shaping of Alexithymia
Ryder, A. G., Sunohara, M., Dere, J., & Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108241595.005 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Cultural Differences in Emotions
Leersnyder, J. D., Boiger, M., & Mesquita, B. (2015) · Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0060 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationJasini, A., Leersnyder, J. D., Phalet, K., & Mesquita, B. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2516 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentity, Kinship, and the Evolution of Cooperation
Voorhees, B. H., Read, D., & Gabora, L. M. (2020) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/708176 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…arise because culture provides templates, schemas, and scripts, as well as stories and myths, for socially productive transformations of universal human instinctual drives (De Leersnyder, Boiger, and Mesquita 2013; Goddard and Wierzbicka 2004; Matsumoto 2007; Trommsdorff and Cole 2011; Tsai 2007).”
BackgroundByun, S., & Jeon, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152557 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Age and the Factor Structure of Emotional Experience in Adulthood
Charles, S. T., Mogle, J. A., Leger, K. A., & Almeida, D. M. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx116 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The dimensions and functions of students’ achievement emotions in Chinese chemistry classrooms
Gong, X., & Bergey, B. W. (2020) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2020.1734684 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…of oneself, can serve to socially control individuals and build strong relationships in Asian cultures that underscore interdependence and personal accountability to meet social expectations (Boiger, Mesquita, Uchida, & Barrett, 2013; De Leersnyder et al., 2013; Marsella, Murray, & Golden, 1974).”
BackgroundSelf-Construals, Anger Regulation, and Life Satisfaction in the United States and Japan
Akutsu, S., Yamaguchi, A., Kim, M. S., & Oshio, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00768 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Similarly, De Leersnyder et al. (2013) identified relational co-regulation and socially structured cultural norms, in addition to individual tendencies, as sources of emotion regulation in a cultural context.”
BackgroundKosch, T., Hassib, M. E., Reutter, R., & Alt, F. (2020) · International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI) · doi:10.1145/3399715.3399928 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Asemotionsarehighlyperson-dependent [8, 12], and the fact that our system is intended to run on users’ phones, we chose to train person-dependent classifiers for emotion recognition from facial expressions and logged data.”
BackgroundThe Role of Culture in Understanding and Evaluating Emotional Intelligence
Huynh, A. C., Oakes, H., & Grossmann, I. (2018) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90633-1_5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Schunk, F., Trommsdorff, G., Wong, N., & Nakao, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745888 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“De Leersnyder et al. (2013) emphasize that cultural differences in ER can already occur during emotion elicitation.”
BackgroundThe neural correlates of emotion alignment in social interaction
Prehn, K., Korn, C. W., Bajbouj, M., Klann-Delius, G., Menninghaus, W., Jacobs, A. M., & Heekeren, H. R. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu066 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hansen, M. B., & Mendzheritskaya, J. (2017) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022117697845 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Burnout and Occupational Wellbeing of Special Education Teachers: Recent Research Synthesized
Brunsting, N. C., Morin, L. E., Gómez, L. R., Jones, B., Bettini, E. A., Cumming, M. M., Garwood, J. D., & Ruble, L. A. (2025) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543251332919 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Broadly, theorists have focused on subjective approaches to wellbeing, focusing on affect (e.g., joy, happiness, anger; Diener, 1984), contentment (De Leersnyder et al., 2013), or fulfillment (Ryff, 1989).”
Understanding Emotion Regulation Strategies Among Youths: A Qualitative Study
Chang, S. S. H., Vaingankar, J. A., Seow, E., Samari, E., Chua, Y. C., Luo, N., Verma, S. K., & Subramaniam, M. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584231161002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Next, given that cultural differences exist in ER (De Leersnyder et al., 2013; Miyamoto & Ma, 2011), the generalizability of findings from this study to other cultural contexts may be limited.”
The relationship between anxiety and cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A meta‐analysis
Yao, Y., Chen, J., & Xuan, Y. (2023) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4129 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flynn, P. M., Betancourt, H. M., Garberoglio, C. A., Regts, G. J., Kinworthy, K. M., & Northington, D. J. (2015) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000019 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The cultural neuroscience of emotion regulation
Hampton, R. S., & Varnum, M. E. W. (2018) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-018-0066-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Asıcı, E., & Sarı, H. İ. (2021) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-021-09378-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Studying the social dimension of emotion regulation
Shuman, V. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00922 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…regulation processes that the present papers address: situation selection and modification (van der Schalk et al., 2012; Wagner et al., 2012; De Leersnyder et al., 2013), attention deployment (Mella et al., 2012), cognitive change (appraisal/re-appraisal; Grecucci et al., 2012; De Leersnyder…”
InfluentialAssari, S. (2016) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-016-0272-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“and expression of self, [7] as well as regulation and expression of emotion [16, 17] vary across cultural groups.”
BackgroundThuillard, S., & Dan-Glauser, E. S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12626-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ding, X., Jiang, H., Xu, M., Li, Y., Liang, J., & Xie, R. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109076 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wang, X., Guchait, P., Khoa, D. T., & Paşamehmetoğlu, A. (2021) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-01-2021-0005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Yang, L., Zhang, S., Liu, X., Hou, J., & Hou, X. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01666-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Culture Moderates the Relationship Between Emotional Fit and Collective Aspects of Well-Being
Cho, S., Doren, N. V., Minnick, M. R., Albohn, D. N., Adams, R. B., & Soto, J. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01509 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Srisopa, P., Cong, X. S., Russell, B. S., & Lucas, R. (2021) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2021.05.011 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Jiang, H., Ding, X.-B., Zhao, S.-S., Li, Y., Bai, H., Gao, H., & Gao, W.-J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.018 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Li, X., He, E., & Zhao, X. (2024) · Learning Culture and Social Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2024.100824 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Efficacious EFL Teachers’ Goals and Strategies for Emotion Management: The Role of Culture in Focus
Chahkandi, F., Rasekh, A. E., & Tavakoli, M. (2016) · Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.18869/acadpub.ijal.19.1.35 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Brunner, L. M., Başaran, G. G., Haustein, S., Klöckner, C. A., Ingvardson, J. B., Nielsen, O. A., & Hillnhütter, H. (2025) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2025.102008 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Values in action inventory of strengths: Development and validation of short form-72 in Urdu
Anjum, A., & Amjad, N. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-0102-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A concept analysis: Emotional regulation of nurses
Fasbinder, A., Shidler, K., & Caboral-Stevens, M. F. (2019) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12405 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cultural and emotional determinants of cervical cancer screening among older Hispanic women
Cadet, T. J., Burke, S. L., Stewart, K., Howard, T., & Schonberg, M. A. (2017) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2017.1364740 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Yao, H., Chen, S., & Gu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.972006 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In addition to its important function of protecting individuals’ emotional balance, emotion regulation can also have a significant impact on the performance of cognitive activities, the establishment of harmonious interpersonal relationships and the maintenance of physical and mental health (Leersnyder et al., 2013).”
BackgroundArchuleta, A. J., & Lakhwani, M. (2016) · Children & Schools · doi:10.1093/cs/cdw005 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Schunk, F., Wong, N., Nakao, G., & Trommsdorff, G. (2022) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12557 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
From Self to Social Relationships: An Essentially Relational Perspective on Social Motivation
van Zomeren, M. (2016) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Collaborative Irrationality, Akrasia, and Groupthink: Social Disruptions of Emotion Regulation
Szanto, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Indeed, the cognitive aspects of interactional and sociocultural influences in emotional co-regulation have received considerable attention (e.g., Eisenberg et al., 1998; Eisenberg and Spinrad, 2004; Mesquita and Albert, 2007; Hofer and Eisenberg, 2008; von Scheve, 2012; De Leersnyder et al., 2013).”
BackgroundChen, X., & Leung, F. (2023) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2023.2282947 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…to show culturally acceptable emotions like relaxation, calmness, and shame to develop social bonds (Boiger et al., 2013; Markus & Kitayama, 1991), they tend to suppress unwanted emotions like high-activating emotions, such as anger and pride (De Leersnyder et al., 2013; Gong & Bergey, 2020).”
BackgroundEnhancing Employee Well-Being and Productivity in Evolving Work Environments
Mohamad, F., & Abiddin, N. Z. (2024) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.36941/ajis-2024-0081 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Leersnyder et al. (2014) also link emotional and spiritual intelligence with a better work environment and increased productivity.”
BackgroundArchuleta, A. J., & Lakhwani, M. (2015) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2015.1017136 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Song, J., Cho, S. I., Trommsdorff, G., Cole, P. M., Niraula, S., & Mishra, R. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1283748 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Williams, A., Liu, C., Zhou, Q., Wu, J.-L., Meng, L., Deng, X.-F., & Chen, S. H. (2024) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13549 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hutchings, P., Cooper, S., Butterworth, J., Joseph, S., Kebede, A., Parker, A., Terefe, B., & van Koppen, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2021.753888 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Emotions are subjective with interpretation and experience of them shaped by previous experiences, belief systems and personality types (Lazarus, 1991; Diener and Ryan, 2009; White, 2009; Leersnyder et al., 2013).”
BackgroundWeber, D. M., & Herr, N. R. (2017) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294117748618 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Muehlbacher, F., Mejeh, M., Keller, M. M., & Hagenauer, G. (2024) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-024-09951-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“There exist cultural differences in (teachers’) emotion experiences, emotion display rules and emotion regulation (Butler et al., 2007; De Leersnyder et al., 2013 ; Ekman et al., 1969; Yin & Lee, 2012).”
Tang, C. S., Yu, I. K., Ng, K.-H., & Kwok, H. S. H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1518136 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Baeza-Rivera, M. J., Betancourt, H. M., Salinas-Oñate, N., & Ortíz, M. S. (2019) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872019000200161 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sala‐Bubaré, A., Skakni, I., Inouye, K., Weise, C., & McAlpine, L. (2020) · Compare A Journal of Comparative and International Education · doi:10.1080/03057925.2020.1834349 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…found important cultural differences in the meaning of feelings and the cultural rules for their expression and communication between individuals (Diener et al. 1995), especially when it comes to intense experiences such as the ones analysed in this study (De Leersnyder, Boiger, and Mesquita 2013).”
BackgroundWorking with emotions: cultural employee perspectives to service management expectations
Akanji, B. O., Mordi, C., Ajonbadi, H. A., & Oruh, E. S. (2021) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-11-2020-0489 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Borelli, J. L., Kazmierski, K. F. M., Gaskin, G. E., Kerr, M. L., Smiley, P. A., & Rasmussen, H. F. (2023) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.22038 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Narratives of effort among Chinese, Hungarian and Chinese immigrant students in Hungary
Sebestyén, N., Ivaskevics, K., & Fülöp, M. (2017) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12424 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bengà, O., Susa-Erdogan, G., Friedlmeier, W., Çorapçı, F., & Romonti, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02680 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation and Wellbeing: A Cross-Cultural Study During the COVID-19 OutbreakPreprint
Pauw, L. S., Vu, T., Sun, R., Vuillier, L., Milek, A., & Sauter, D. A. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9qrw5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
O'Grady, A. M., & Nag, S. (2024) · Social and Emotional Learning Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.sel.2024.100068 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
An (E)Affective Bind: Situated Affectivity and the Prospect of Affect Recognition
Branford, J. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2023.3281069 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Nor does it dispel the ethical concerns enumerated here. the delineation of “edge cases” (e.g., to inform FR software concerning cross-cultural variation) (cf. [45], [46]), there are more penetrating attempts to account for context.”
BackgroundScott, B. G., Pina, A., & Parker, J. H. (2017) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12227 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Parents, Television, and Children’s Emotional Expressions: A Cross-Cultural Multilevel Model
Scherr, S., Mares, M., Bartsch, A., & Götz, M. (2018) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022118806585 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dying a Good Death: Indonesian Rituals and Negotiations About the End of Life
Seise, C. (2021) · International Journal of Islam in Asia · doi:10.1163/25899996-bja10014 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- De Leersnyder, J., Boiger, M., & Mesquita, B.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Boiger, Michael
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 55-55
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3569661
- OpenAlex
- W2150937027
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 11.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › History of Emotions Research
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, display rules, emotion induction, appraisal, co-regulation, individual differences
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
