Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression.
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NPD is associated with elevated fear and avoidance and a propensity to react with anger out of shame.
“It is also associated with elevated fear and avoidance (36) and a propensity to react with anger out of shame (37).”
From Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Understanding and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Shame itself is a well-recognized driver of aggression, creating a vicious cycle in which aggressive behavior and shame reinforce each other.
“Importantly, shame itself is a well-recognized driver of aggression (Tangney et al. 1992; Elison et al. 2014; Velotti et al. 2014), creating a vicious cycle in which aggressive behavior and shame reinforce each other.”
From Decoding the bidirectional links between alcohol misuse and aggression: toward a unified translational framework (2026) · cites this paper as Tangney et al. 1992
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“…however, the-orists and researchers have emphasized the interpersonal behavior ( Baumeister et al. 1994, ; Hoffman 1982; Tangney 1991, 1994, ; Tangney et al. 1992; Tangney & Dearing 2002). to take into account the distinction be-tween guilt and shame saddled with feelings of contempt and…”
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“For example, Tangney and her colleagues (Tangney, 1995; Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992 ) pointed out that feelings of shame associated with a negative evaluation from another person can easily turn into anger directed toward that person.”
BackgroundConceptual and methodological issues in the assessment of shame and guilt
Tangney, J. P. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00034-4 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
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Self-citationAn exploration of shame measures—I: The other as Shamer scale
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“These findings are consistent with other studies, which show shame to be associated with problematic outcomes (Hoglund & Nicholas, 1995; Leith & Baumeister, 1998; Tangney et al., 1992) and guilt to be a healthier emotional response style (Baumeister, Stillwell, & Heatherton, 1994; Quiles & Bybee, 1997).”
ResultSelf-citationWhy Individuals Protest the Perceived Transgressions of Their Country
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“This link might reflect a general tendency for shame and anger to be strongly associated with one another (Tangney et al., 1992).”
BackgroundStuewig, J. B., & McCloskey, L. A. (2005) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559505279308 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
“Although researchers have often found a concurrent relationship between shame-proneness and depression (Tangney et al., 1992), very few studies have looked at this prospectively.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTranslating emotion theory and research into preventive interventions.
Izard, C. E. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.796 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
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“42) suggested that both emotions can be felt at the same time, and others have concurred with this (Tangney, 1991; Tangney et al., 1992).”
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“Empirical evidence (Tangney et al., 1992) indicates that shame proneness is strongly correlated with characterological self-blame.”
Shame and posttraumatic stress disorder
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Shame closely tracks the threat of devaluation by others, even across cultures
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“Aggression sometimes occurs (42, 43), which is expected when threatening or inflicting harm is a cost-effective way of preventing the spread of negative information or when it is the best way to bargain for better treatment.”
BackgroundTracking the trajectory of shame, guilt, and pride across the life span.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Soto, C. J. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021342 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
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Shame, pride and eating disorders.
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Shame-proneness, guilt-proneness and anxiety symptoms: A meta-analysis
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“…link between shame and anger, and suggests that shame-prone individuals are more likely to experience anger and to engage in destructive behaviors as a result (Bennett, Sullivan, & Lewis, 2005; Harper & Arias, 2004; Tangney et al., 1992; Tangney, Wagner, Hill-Barlow, Marschall, & Gramzow, 1996).”
BackgroundCultural regulation of emotion: individual, relational, and structural sources.
De Leersnyder, J., Boiger, M., & Mesquita, B. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00055 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
“These co-regulatory efforts may explain why shame is frequently transformed into anger in the American cultural context (Tangney et al., 1992, as cited in Kitayama and Masuda, 1995).”
BackgroundTangney, J. P., Stuewig, J. B., & Martinez, A. G. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613508790 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen guilt evokes self-punishment: Evidence for the existence of a Dobby Effect.
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Facing DSM-V
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The psychology of social status
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“Put differently, in this view authentic pride arises from a self-evaluation of ''doing, " whereas hubristic pride arises from a self-evaluation of ''being " (Lewis, 2000; Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992).”
BackgroundOn “Positive” and “Negative” Emotions
Solomon, R. C., & Stone, L. D. (2002) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/1468-5914.00196 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Exploring Negative Emotion in Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence: Shame, Guilt, and PTSD
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“Not surprisingly, then, shame is considerably more painful than guilt (e.g., Lewis, 1971; Lindsay-Hartz, 1984; Morrison, 1996; Tangney et al., 1992).”
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O’Connor, J. A., Mumford, M. D., Clifton, T. C., Gessner, T. L., & Connelly, M. S. (1995) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(95)90026-8 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
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What is moral about guilt? Acting “prosocially” at the disadvantage of others.
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“For example, shame typically arises after a moral transgression or incompetence (Keltner & Buswell, 1996) and gives rise to a focus on the damaged view of the self: feelings of worthlessness and inferiority (Ausubel, 1955; Tangney et al., 1992).”
Cross-cultural invariances in the architecture of shame
Sznycer, D., Xygalatas, D., Agey, E., Alami, S., An, X.-F., Ananyeva, K., Atkinson, Q., Broitman, B., Conte, T. J., Flores, C., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1805016115 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“[If cooperative overtures are not successful or cost-effective, the system can switch to aggression (33, 34) as its remaining negotiating tool; one reason why people are proud of aggressive formidability, and ashamed of weakness.”
BackgroundThe Measurement of Collective Guilt: What It Is and What It Is Not
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“In her clinical work with individuals, Lewis (1971) observed that shame could be redirected away from the self into anger at others (see also R. H. Smith et al., 1994; Tangney et al., 1992).”
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The Nature of Self-Reported Guilt in Consumption Contexts
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“Additionally, when consumers begin to engage denial and denigration around their consumption activities this may serve as an indicator that guilt is serving a less "positive" role and tending toward the less adaptive outcomes associated with shame (Tangney et al., 1992).”
BackgroundLooking at Emotion Regulation Through the Window of Emotion Dynamics
Kuppens, P., & Verduyn, P. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.960505 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
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Consumer complaining to firms: the determinants of channel choice
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“Prior work in social psychology shows that shame can lead to two types of behavioral responses: interpersonal avoidance or hostility aggression (Harder and Lewis, 1986; Tangney, 1990; Tangney et al., 1992).”
BackgroundExperiences and interpersonal consequences of hurt feelings and anger.
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Emotions Shape Decisions through Construal Level: The Case of Guilt and Shame
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“For example, previous research shows that individuals who blame poor performance on a global deficiency of themselves (e.g., “I’m an unintelligent person”) are more likely to experience feelings of shame (Brown and Weiner 1984; Tangney et al. 1992; Tracy and Robins 2002).”
BackgroundNarcissistic personality disorder: a current review.
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Psychological antecedents to socially responsible behavior
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Shame-Proneness, Guilt-Proneness, and Interpersonal Problem Solving: a Social Cognitive Analysis
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Self-citationForms and Functions of the Self-Conscious Emotions
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“Further complicating matters, shame motivates both antisocial [88,89] and prosocial [61,78,90] behaviors.”
BackgroundInfluentialYoung Children's Adjustment as a Function of Maltreatment, Shame, and Anger
Bennett, D. S., Sullivan, M. W., & Lewis, M. (2005) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559505278619 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Coping strategies used by hypersexual patients to defend against the painful effects of shame
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Psychiatry, Moral Worry, and the Moral Emotions
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Emotional Dynamics in Restorative Conferences
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“1 Distinguishing between condemnation of the self and the act has proved a useful predictor of the disposition to feel empathy and anger in the field of personality measurement (Tangney, 1991; Tangney et al., 1992).”
BackgroundShame, guilt, and anger in college students exposed to abusive family environments
Hoglund, C. L., & Nicholas, K. B. (1995) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/bf02110597 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“In addition, these results provide some substantiation for Tangney et al.'s (1992) conclusion that guilt appears to be a more adaptive emotion than shame.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKassam, K., & Mendes, W. B. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064959 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“The behavioral coding results may also reflect the fact that anger and shame are closely related emotions [73].”
BackgroundFeelings of shame, embarrassment and guilt and their neural correlates: A systematic review
Bastin, C., Harrison, B. J., Davey, C. G., Moll, J., & Whittle, S. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.019 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Machiavellianism: An Alexithymic Perspective
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The Relation of Shame and Guilt to Eating Disorder Symptomatology
Sanftner, J. L., Hill-Barlow, D., Marschall, D. E., & Tangney, J. P. (1995) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1995.14.4.315 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationLuyten, P., Fontaine, J. R. J., & Corveleyn, J. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00197-6 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Assessing Jail Inmates’ Proneness To Shame and Guilt
Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J. B., Mashek, D. J., & Hastings, M. E. (2011) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854811405762 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy victims of undermining at work become perpetrators of undermining: An integrative model.
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The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Communication
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“In this study, men who expressed femininity exhibited heightened guiltproneness (empathic guilt), an adaptive characteristic that has been found to be associated with relationship maintenance, reparations, and apologies (Bybee & Quiles, 1998; Niedenthal et al., 1994; Tangney et al., 1992).”
Emotional Intelligence: Conceptualization and Measurement
Salovey, P. (2003) · doi:10.1002/9780470998557.ch11 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Masculinity, Shame, and Fear of Emotions as Predictors of Men's Expressions of Anger and Hostility.
Jakupcak, M., Tull, M. T., & Roemer, L. (2005) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/1524-9220.6.4.275 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
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Male abusiveness in intimate relationships
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Denial, Minimization, Partner Blaming, and Intimate Aggression in Dating Partners
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“In this way, the focus of hostile feelings, originally directed inwards against the self, are shifted to the “disapproving” other (Lewis, 1971; Scheff, 1987, Tangney, Wagner, Hill-Barlow, Marschall, & Gramzow, 1996) and abusive behaviors can be more readily justified by the perceived negativity of the other ( Tangney,…”
BackgroundGuilt, Shame, and Reparative Behavior: The Effect of Psychological Proximity
Ghorbani, M., Liao, Y., Çayköylü, S., & Chand, M. (2012) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1350-2 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Unwanted Identities: A Key Variable in Shame–Anger Links and Gender Differences in Shame
Ferguson, T. J., Eyre, H. L., & Ashbaker, M. (2000) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1007061505251 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“close connections between shame and anger (e.g., Hogland & Nicholas, 1995; H. B. Lewis, 1971; Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992 ), this also raises the question of whether unwanted identities play any role in mediating the shame–anger link.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Developmental Functions of Emotions: An Analysis in Terms of Differential Emotions Theory
Abe, J. A. A., & Izard, C. E. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379177 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Shame, Humiliation, and Childhood Sexual Abuse: Distinct Contributions and Emotional Coherence
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Wright, A. G. C., Stepp, S. D., Scott, L. N., Hallquist, M. N., Beeney, J. E., Lazarus, S. A., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000286 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
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“Such shame should also be contrasted with features of the Guilt scale, which highlights the recognition and feeling that one's behavior has violated some personal standard ( Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992 ).”
BackgroundMarshall, W. L., Marshall, L. E., Serran, G. A., & O’Brien, M. W. (2009) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160802190947 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“For example, shame has been found to be positively correlated with externalising blame for negative acts (Tangney et al., 1992), and it has been shown to generate rationalisations about transgressions or to denying having committed any unacceptable behaviours (Macdonald, 1998; Stiles, 1987; Tangney, Miller, Flicker, &…”
BackgroundKashdan, T. B., & Collins, R. L. (2010) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800802641950 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“For instance, anger directed inward might be a consequence of attributing an abundance of responsibility to the self for personal failures (Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992 ) and anger directed outward and blaming others can be a strategy to avoid experiencing painful states of anxiety (Baumeister, 1991 ).”
Background
- Authors
- Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C., & Gramzow, R.
- ORCID
- Tangney, June P.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1992
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 669-675
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4296826512
- Cited by
- 620
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 12.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Keywords
- shame, guilt, anger, aggression, self-reported aggression, emotion regulation
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