Effects of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) on Symptom Change, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Rumination in Clients With Depression, Anxiety, and Stress
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Objectives: Over the past decade there has been an increasing interest in exploring self-compassion as a related and complementary construct to mindfulness. Increases in self-compassion may predict clinical outcomes after MBCT and cultivation of compassion towards self and others is central to CFT. This pilot study compared the impact of MBCT applying implicit self-compassion instructions and CFT employing explicit self-compassion instructions on symptom change, mindfulness, self-compassion and rumination. Method: This non-randomised wait-list controlled study (N=58) with two intervention arms (MBCT N=20, CFT N=18, Control N=20) assessed the outcomes of clients with depression, anxiety and stress symptoms from before to after the interventions and at one month follow up (MBCT N=17, CFT N=13, Control N=13). Results: Both treatments resulted in significant increases in mindfulness and self-compassion and decreases in rumination, depression, anxiety and stress. Furthermore, MBCT enhanced mindfulness for people who were initially high in rumination, whereas CFT enhanced mindfulness across the board. Conclusion: The findings suggest that both MBCT and CFT, and hence implicit or explicit self-compassion instructions, produce similar clinical outcomes with CFT enhancing mindfulness regardless of client’s rumination level.
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Socio-emotional contemplative practices lead to enhanced use of emotion regulation strategies such as acceptance.
“studies have shown that socio-emotional contemplative practices lead to enhanced use of emotion regulation strategies such as acceptance, while attention-focused mindfulness practices are associated with decreased levels of rumination, indicating meditation-specific effects [46,55].”
From 10-Week Trajectories of Candidate Psychological Processes Differentially Predict Mental Health Gains from Online Dyadic versus Mindfulness Interventions: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [55]
The Introduction reports that explicit socio-affective practices increased self-compassion and describes self-compassion as a possible emotion-regulation strategy. It does not report that those practices increased the use of acceptance as an emotion-regulation strategy; acceptance appears only in a discussion of the definition of mindfulness. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAttention-focused mindfulness practices are associated with decreased levels of rumination.
“studies have shown that socio-emotional contemplative practices lead to enhanced use of emotion regulation strategies such as acceptance, while attention-focused mindfulness practices are associated with decreased levels of rumination, indicating meditation-specific effects [46,55].”
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- Authors
- Frostadottir, A. D., & Dorjee, D.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Frostadottir, Anna Dora
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-05-17
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 1099-1099
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6534108
- OpenAlex
- W2943418167
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 12.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Háskóli Íslands
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, compassion-focused therapy, self-compassion, mindfulness, rumination, depression, anxiety, stress, treatment outcome comparison
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