The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Flowering of Positive Psychology in Foreign Language Teaching and Acquisition Research
Open accessAbstract
The present contribution offers an overview of a new area of research in the field of foreign language acquisition, which was triggered by the introduction of Positive Psychology (PP) (MacIntyre and Gregersen, 2012). For many years, a cognitive perspective had dominated research in applied linguistics. Around the turn of the millennium researchers became increasingly interested in the role of emotions in foreign language learning and teaching, beyond established concepts like foreign language anxiety and constructs like motivation and attitudes toward the foreign language. As a result, a more nuanced understanding of the role of positive and negative learner and teacher emotions emerged, underpinned by solid empirical research using a wide range of epistemological and methodological approaches. PP interventions have been carried out in schools and universities to strengthen learners and teachers' experiences of flow, hope, courage, well-being, optimism, creativity, happiness, grit, resilience, strengths, and laughter with the aim of enhancing learners' linguistic progress. This paper distinguishes the early period in the field that started with MacIntyre and Gregersen (2012), like a snowdrop after winter, and that was followed by a number of early studies in relatively peripheral journals. We argue that 2016 is the starting point of the current period, characterized by gradual recognition in applied linguistics, growing popularity of PP, and an exponential increase in publications in more mainstream journals. This second period could be compared to a luxuriant English garden in full bloom.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.218 · Cited by 18,025
Positive psychology: An introduction.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.5 · Cited by 11,351
Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety
HORWITZ, E. K., HORWITZ, M. B., & COPE, J. (1986) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x · Cited by 5,697
The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology
(2009) · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.001.0001 · Cited by 2,696
Positive education: positive psychology and classroom interventions
Seligman, M. E. P., Ernst, R. M., Gillham, J., Reivich, K., & Linkins, M. (2009) · Oxford Review of Education · doi:10.1080/03054980902934563 · Cited by 2,106
The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom
Dewaele, J.-M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2014) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.5 · Cited by 1,757
Self-citationEmotions that facilitate language learning: the positive-broadening power of the imagination
MacIntyre, P., & Gregersen, T. (2012) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2012.2.2.4 · Cited by 843
Foreign language enjoyment and anxiety: The effect of teacher and learner variables
Dewaele, J.-M., Witney, J., Saito, K., & Dewaele, L. (2018) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168817692161 · Cited by 780
Self-citationDewaele, J.-M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2016) · Positive Psychology in SLA · doi:10.21832/9781783095360-010 · Cited by 664
Self-citationSetting an Agenda for Positive Psychology in SLA: Theory, Practice, and Research
MACINTYRE, P. D., GREGERSEN, T., & MERCER, S. (2019) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12544 · Cited by 579
Research works printed but not linked: 102
- Agudo, 2018, Emotions in second language teaching
- Aguilar-Río, 2013, L’enseignement d’une langue comme pratique émotionnelle: caractérisation d’une performance, ébauche d’une competence, Lidil, 48, 137, 10.4000/lidil.3323 · DOI
- Arnold, 1999, Affect in language learning
- Arnold, 2007, Affect in teacher talk, 107
- Arnold, 2011, Introduction: an affective perspective on language learning and teaching, Anglistik: Int. J. Engl. Stud., 22, 7
- Avila-López, 2015, Didáctica de la emoción: De la investigación al aula de ELE, 21
- Belnap, 2016, Project perseverance: helping students become self-regulating learners, 282, 10.21832/9781783095360-013 · DOI
- Benesch, 2017, Emotions and English language teaching: Exploring teachers’ emotion labor, 10.4324/9781315736181 · DOI · Paper page
- Benesch, 2018, Commentary. In H. Rawal, P. De Costa & Wendy Li (eds.), emotions in second language teaching: theory, research and teacher education. [Special issue], Chin. J. Appl. Linguist., 41, 571, 10.1515/cjal-2018-0039 · DOI
- Berdal-Masuy, 2019, Emo-langage: Vers une approche transversale des langages dans leurs dynamiques émotionnelles et creatives (Emo-language: Towards a transversal approach to languages in their emotional and creative dynamics). [Special Issue], TIPA, 35
- Boudreau, 2018, Enjoyment and anxiety in second language communication: an idiodynamic approach, Stud. Second Lang. Learn. Teach., 8, 149, 10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.1.7 · DOI · Paper page
- Bown, 2010, Affect in a self-regulatory framework for language learning, System, 38, 432, 10.1016/j.system.2010.03.016 · DOI · Paper page
- Budzińska, 2018, Positive institutions: a case study, Theory Pract. Second Lang. Acquis., 4, 33
- Chen, 2019, New orientation in bilingual research: A study of flourishing using a positive psychology perspective, 9
- Csikszentmihalyi, 2011, Positive psychology: where did it come from, where is it going?, 3, 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0001 · DOI
- Czimmermann, 2016, Advanced language learners’ experiences of flow in the Hungarian EFL classroom, 193, 10.21832/9781783095360-009 · DOI
- De Costa, 2018, Broadening the second language teacher education agenda: international perspectives on teacher emotions, Chin. J. Appl. Linguist., 41, 401, 10.1515/cjal-2018-0030 · DOI
- Dewaele, 2005, Investigating the psychological and the emotional dimensions in instructed language learning: obstacles and possibilities, Mod. Lang. J., 89, 367, 10.1111/j.1540-4781.2005.00311.x · DOI · Paper page
- Dewaele, 2015, On emotions in foreign language learning and use, Lang. Teach., 39, 13, 10.37546/JALTTLT39.3-3 · DOI
- Dewaele, 2018, Emotions in SLA [Special issue], Stud. Second Lang. Learn. Teach., 8, 15, 10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.1.1 · DOI
- Dewaele, 2018, The relationship between trait emotional intelligence and experienced ESL/EFL teachers’ love of English, attitudes towards their students and institution, self-reported classroom practices, enjoyment and creativity. In H. Rawal, P. De Costa, & W. Li (eds.), emotions in second language teaching: theory, research and teacher education. [Special issue], Chin. J. Appl. Linguist., 41, 468, 10.1515/cjal-2018-0023 · doi:10.1515/cjal-2018-0023
- Dewaele, When elephants fly: the lift-off of emotion research in applied linguistics. In M. Bigelow (ed.), perspectives: (re)considering the role of emotion in language teaching and learning. [Special issue], Mod. Lang. J., 103, 533, 10.1111/modl.12576 · DOI
- Dewaele, The effect of classroom emotions, attitudes toward English, and teacher behaviour on willingness to communicate among English foreign language learners, J. Lang. Soc. Psychol., 38, 523, 10.1177/0261927X19864996 · DOI · Paper page
- Dewaele, What psychological, linguistic and sociobiographical variables power EFL/ESL teachers’ motivation?
- Dewaele, 2018, Learner-internal and learner-external predictors of willingness to communicate in the FL classroom, J. Eur. Second Lang. Assoc., 2, 24, 10.22599/jesla.37 · DOI
- Dewaele, Is foreign language enjoyment more fleeting than foreign language classroom anxiety? An investigation into the dynamics of learners’ classroom emotions, Stud. Second Lang. Learn. Teach.
- Dewaele, Do ESL/EFL teachers’ emotional intelligence, teaching experience, proficiency and gender, affect their classroom practice?, 125
- Dewaele, El flujo en el aula de español como lengua extranjera (Flow in the Spanish foreign language classroom)
- Dewaele, 2018, Variation in ESL/EFL teachers’ attitudes towards their students, 178, 10.21832/9781783099467-015 · doi:10.21832/9781783099467-015
- Dewey, 2018, Anxiety: stress, foreign language classroom anxiety, and enjoyment during study abroad in Amman, Jordan, Annu. Rev. Appl. Linguist., 38, 140, 10.1017/S0267190518000107 · DOI
- Diener, 2009, Positive psychology: past, present and future, 7
- Ding, 2018, Faith–based teacher emotional experiences: a case study of a veteran English lecturer in China, Chin. J. Appl. Linguist., 41, 532, 10.1515/cjal-2018-0037 · doi:10.1515/cjal-2018-0037
- Dörnyei, 2007, Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed methodologies
- Egbert, 2003, A study of flow theory in the foreign language classroom, Mod. Lang. J., 87, 499, 10.1111/1540-4781.00204 · DOI · Paper page
- Egbert, 2004, A study of flow theory in the foreign language classroom, Can. Mod. Lang. Rev., 60, 549, 10.3138/cmlr.60.5.549 · DOI
- Falout, 2014, Circular seating arrangements: approaching the social crux in language classrooms, Stud. Second Lang. Learn. Teach., 4, 275, 10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.6 · DOI
- Falout, 2016, The dynamics of past selves in language learning and well-being, 112, 10.21832/9781783095360-005 · doi:10.21832/9781783095360-005
- Fonseca-Mora, 2016, Music and language learning: emotions and engaging memory pathways, 359, 10.21832/9781783095360-017 · DOI
- Fredrickson, 2003, The value of positive emotions, Am. Sci., 91, 330, 10.1511/2003.4.330 · DOI · Paper page
- Fredrickson, 2006, The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, 85, 10.1093/oso/9780195176797.003.0006 · DOI
- Fresacher, 2016, Why and how to use positive psychology activities in the second language classroom, 344, 10.21832/9781783095360-016 · DOI
- Frijda, 1986, The emotions
- Gabryś-Barker, 2014, Success: from failure to failure with enthusiasm, Stud. Second Lang. Learn. Teach., 4, 301, 10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.7 · DOI
- Gabryś-Barker, 2016, Caring and sharing in the foreign language class: on a positive classroom climate, 155
- Gabryś-Barker, 2016, Positive psychology perspective on foreign language learning and teaching, 10.1007/978-3-319-32954-3 · DOI
- Gkonou, The emotional rollercoaster of language teaching
- Gregersen, 2013, Language learning vibes: what, why and how to capitalize for positive affect, 89
- Gregersen, 2016, The positive broadening power of a focus on well-being in the language classroom, 59
- Gregersen, 2014, Examining emotional intelligence within the context of positive psychology interventions, Stud. Second Lang. Learn. Teach., 4, 327, 10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.8 · DOI · Paper page
- Gregersen, 2016, Positive psychology exercises build social capital for language learners: preliminary evidence, 147, 10.21832/9781783095360-007 · DOI
- Gregersen, Dealing with the emotions of teaching abroad: searching for silver linings in a difficult context
- Guz, 2016, Positive emotions and learner engagement: insights from an early FL classroom, 133
- Helgesen, 2016, Happiness in ESL/EFL: bringing positive psychology to the classroom, 305, 10.21832/9781783095360-014 · DOI
- Hiver, 2016, The triumph over experience: Hope and hardiness in novice L2 teachers, 168, 10.21832/9781783095360-008 · DOI
- Ibrahim, 2016, Affect in directed motivational currents: positive emotionality in long-term L2 engagement, 258, 10.21832/9781783095360-012 · DOI
- Jiang, 2019, How unique is the foreign language classroom enjoyment and anxiety of Chinese EFL learners?, System, 82, 13, 10.1016/j.system.2019.02.017 · DOI · Paper page
- Jin, 2018, The effect of positive orientation and perceived social support on foreign language classroom anxiety, System, 74, 149, 10.1016/j.system.2018.01.002 · DOI
- King, Concluding thoughts on the emotional rollercoaster of language teaching
- Komorowska, 2016, Difficulty and coping strategies in language education: is positive psychology misrepresented in SLA/FLT?, 39
- Kusiak-Pisowacka, 2016, How to test for the best: implementing positive psychology in foreign language testing, 289
- Lake, 2013, Positive L2 self: linking positive psychology with L2 motivation, 225, 10.21832/9781783090518-015 · DOI · Paper page
- Lake, 2016, Accentuate the positive: conceptual and empirical development of the positive L2 self and its relationship to L2 proficiency, 237, 10.21832/9781783095360-011 · DOI
- Lantolf, 2019, On the emotion ~ cognition dialectic: a sociocultural response to prior. In M. Bigelow (ed.), perspectives: (re)considering the role of emotion in language teaching and learning. [Special issue], Mod. Lang. J., 103, 528, 10.1111/modl.12574 · doi:10.1111/modl.12574
- Lazarus, 2003, Does the positive psychology movement have legs?, Psychol. Inq., 14, 93, 10.1207/S15327965PLI1402_02 · DOI · Paper page
- Li, A positive psychology perspective on emotions in SLA [Special issue], Foreign Lang. World
- Li, 2019, The complex relationship between classroom emotions and EFL achievement in China, Appl. Linguist. Rev., 10.1515/applirev-2018-0043 · DOI
- Li, 2018, Understanding Chinese high school students’ foreign language enjoyment: Validation of the Chinese version of the Foreign Language Enjoyment Scale, System, 76, 183, 10.1016/j.system.2018.06.004 · DOI · Paper page
- Li, 2018, Waning and waxing of love: unpacking layers of teacher emotion, Chin. J. Appl. Linguist., 41, 552, 10.1515/cjal-2018-0038 · DOI
- Lopez, 2009, A case for positive psychology, 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0052 · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0052
- MacIntyre, 2016, Conclusion, 374, 10.21832/9781783095360-018 · doi:10.21832/9781783095360-018
- MacIntyre, 2009, Embracing affective ambivalence: a research agenda for understanding the interdependent processes of language anxiety and motivation, 3
- MacIntyre, 2014, Introducing positive psychology to SLA, Stud. Second Lang. Learn. Teach., 4, 153, 10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.2 · DOI · Paper page
- MacIntyre, Stressors, personality and wellbeing among language teachers, System, 82, 26, 10.1016/j.system.2019.02.013 · DOI
- Mackenzie,, 2019, Emotion in discourse, 10.1075/pbns.302 · doi:10.1075/pbns.302
- Mercer, 2016, Seeing the world through your eyes: empathy in language learning and teaching, 91, 10.21832/9781783095360-004 · DOI
- Mercer,, 2018, Teacher psychology in SLA
- Mercer, 2016, Helping language teachers to thrive: using positive psychology to promote teachers’ professional well-being, 213
- Mitchell, 2019, Apprentissage affectif pour une communication effective: l’émotion et la prosodie dans une démarche d’improvisation théâtrale (affective learning for effective communication: emotion and prosody in theatre improvisation), TIPA, 35, 1, 10.4000/tipa.3297 · DOI
- Morris, 2018, Teacher frustration and emotion regulation in university language teaching, Chin. J. Appl. Linguist., 41, 433, 10.1515/cjal-2018-0032 · DOI
- Morris, Emotion regulation amongst university EFL teachers in Japan: the dynamic interplay between context and emotional behaviour
- Murphey, 2014, Singing well-becoming: student musical therapy case studies, Stud. Second Lang. Learn. Teach., 4, 205, 10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.4 · DOI
- Murphey, 2016, Teaching to learn and well-become: many mini-renaissances, 324, 10.21832/9781783095360-015 · DOI
- Oxford, Toward a psychology of well-being for language learners: the ‘EMPATHICS’ vision, 10
- Oxford, Powerfully positive: searching for a model of language learner well-being, 21
- Oxford, 2017, Anxious language learners can change their minds: ideas and strategies from traditional psychology and positive psychology, 179, 10.21832/9781783097722-011 · DOI · Paper page
- Oxford, The well of language teachers’ emotional well-being
- Oxford, 2014, Positive psychology in cross-cultural narratives: Mexican students discover themselves while learning Chinese, Stud. Second Lang. Learn. Teach., 4, 173, 10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.3 · DOI
- Pavlenko, 2013, The affective turn in SLA: from ‘affective factors’ to ‘language desire’ and ‘commodification of affect’, 3
- Peterson, 2006, A primer in positive psychology
- Piasecka, 2016, Activating character strengths though poetic encounters in a foreign language—a case study, 75
- Piechurska-Kuciel, 2017, L2 or L3? Foreign language enjoyment and proficiency, 97, 10.1007/978-3-319-56892-8_7 · DOI
- Prior, 2019, Elephants in the room: an “affective turn,” or just feeling our way? In M. Bigelow (ed.), perspectives: (re)considering the role of emotion in language teaching and learning. [Special issue], Mod. Lang. J., 103, 516, 10.1111/modl.12573 · DOI
- Puozzo Capron, 2013, L’émotion et l’apprentissage des langues [Special Issue], Lidil, 48, 5
- Ross, 2018, Emotional experiences beyond the classroom: interactions with the social world, Stud. Second Lang. Learn. Teach., 8, 103, 10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.1.5 · DOI
- Rubio, 2011, Optimal experiences in the foreign language classroom: flow states in speaking tasks, Anglistik: Int. J. Engl. Stud., 22, 63
- Saito, 2018, Motivation, emotion, learning experience and second language comprehensibility development in classroom settings, Lang. Learn., 68, 709, 10.1111/lang.12297 · DOI · Paper page
- Seligman, 2018, PERMA and the building blocks of well-being, J. Posit. Psychol., 13, 333, 10.1080/17439760.2018.1437466 · DOI · Paper page
- Sharwood Smith, 2017, Introducing language and cognition. A map of the mind, 10.1017/9781316591505 · DOI
- Swain, 2013, The inseparability of cognition and emotion in second language learning, Lang. Teach., 46, 195, 10.1017/S0261444811000486 · DOI · Paper page
- Talbot, 2018, Exploring university ESL/EFL teachers’ emotional well-being and emotional regulation in the United States, Japan and Austria, Chin. J. Appl. Linguist., 41, 410, 10.1515/cjal-2018-0031 · DOI
- Tardy, 2004, ‘That’s why I do it’: flow and EFL teachers’ practices, ELT J., 58, 118, 10.1093/elt/58.2.118 · DOI
- White, 2018, Emotional turn in applied linguistics and TESOL: significance, challenges and prospects, 19, 10.1007/978-3-319-75438-3_2 · DOI
Cited by
Wang, Y., Derakhshan, A., & Zhang, L. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731721 · Cited by 762
Greenier, V., Derakhshan, A., & Fathi, J. (2021) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2020.102446 · Cited by 576
Taking stock: A meta-analysis of the effects of foreign language enjoyment
Botes, E., Dewaele, J.-M., & Greiff, S. (2022) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2022.12.2.3 · Cited by 266
Self-citationDewaele, J.-M., Botes, E., & Greiff, S. (2023) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263122000328 · Cited by 215
Self-citationDewaele, J.-M., & Dewaele, L. (2020) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2020.10.1.3 · Cited by 202
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Dewaele, J.-M., Chen, X., Padilla, A. M., & Lake, J.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-09-24
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 2128-2128
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2972145160
- Cited by
- 633
- References
- 20
- FWCI
- 277.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Flowering of Positive Psychology in Foreign Language Teaching and Acquisition Research. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02128
- The paper
- Dewaele, J.-M., Chen, X., Padilla, A. M., & Lake, J. (2019). The Flowering of Positive Psychology in Foreign Language Teaching and Acquisition Research. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02128
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.