Low rates of pointing in 18-month-olds at risk for autism spectrum disorder and extremely preterm infants: A common index of language delay?
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Infants with an older sibling with an Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnosis (Sibs ASD) are at high risk for language delay (LD) as well as infants born preterm, especially those with an extremely low gestational age (ELGA, GA ≤28 weeks). Gestures play a crucial role in language development and delays in gesture production may have negative cascading effects on it. The present exploratory study examined gesture production in 18-month-old infants with different underlying risks for LD. Seventy monolingual US infants (41 Sibs ASD with no eventual ASD diagnosis and 29 infants with a typically developing older sibling -Sibs TD) and 40 monolingual Italian infants (20 ELGA without major cerebral damages, congenital malformations or sensory impairments and 20 full-term - FT infants, GA ≥37 weeks) were included. Both groups were followed longitudinally from 18 to 24, 30, and 36 months (corrected for ELGA infants). A 30-minute mother-infant play session with age-appropriate toys was video recorded at 18 months of age. Deictic (requesting, pointing, showing and giving), conventional, and representational gestures spontaneously produced by infants were coded; rate per 10 minutes was calculated. LD was defined as a score ≤10th percentile on the American English or Italian version of the MacArthur-Bates CDI on at least two time points between 18 and 36 months. Fifteen Sibs ASD and 9 ELGA infants were identified as infants with LD. Sibs ASD-LD and Sibs ASD-no LD produced fewer pointing gestures compared to Sibs TD (p = .038; p = .004); ELGA-LD infants produced significantly fewer pointing gestures than ELGA-no LD (p = .024) and FT (p = .006) infants. Low rates of pointing at 18 months are a marker of LD in Sibs ASD and ELGA infants. The potential implications of reduced pointing production and characteristics of different populations at risk for LD should be considered for understanding the emergence of LD.
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In both at-risk groups studied by Sansavini et al., only some children exhibited language delay.
“Their findings showed that, in both at-risk groups, only some children exhibited LD.”
From Developmental Language Disorder: Early Predictors, Age for the Diagnosis, and Diagnostic Tools. A Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [81]
A low rate of pointing gesture at 18 months may be a reliable and common predictor of language delay across different populations of infants with enhanced language delay risk.
“demonstrating that a low rate of pointing gesture at 18 months may be a reliable and common predictor of LD across different populations of infants with enhanced LD risk.”
From Developmental Language Disorder: Early Predictors, Age for the Diagnosis, and Diagnostic Tools. A Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [81]
Gesture production at 18 months, coded during mother-infant play interaction and particularly pointing gesture, was significantly lower in children later detected with language delay than in children with typical development.
“Interestingly, gesture production at 18 months, coded during mother–infant play interaction and, particularly, pointing gesture, was significantly lower in children later detected with LD than in children with TD”
From Developmental Language Disorder: Early Predictors, Age for the Diagnosis, and Diagnostic Tools. A Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [81]
Some investigations on predictors of persistent language delay were general population studies, while others referred to late talkers or children at risk of language delay.
“Additionally, some of the investigations on the predictors of persistent language delay were general population studies (e.g., [75]), while others referred to late talkers (e.g., [72,86,88]) or children at risk of language delay (e.g., [79,80,81]).”
From Developmental Language Disorder: Early Predictors, Age for the Diagnosis, and Diagnostic Tools. A Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [81]
Some early predictors (communicative gestures, communicative skills, receptive and productive vocabulary size, nonverbal cognitive abilities) can be easily observed regardless of the language of the children.
“Some of the early predictors (i.e., communicative gestures [75,79,80,81,86]; communicative skills [75,82,83,86]; receptive and productive vocabulary size [67,73,75,76,82,83,85,86,87]; nonverbal cognitive abilities [73]) can be easily observed regardless of the language of the children.”
From Developmental Language Disorder: Early Predictors, Age for the Diagnosis, and Diagnostic Tools. A Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [81]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Sansavini, A., Guarini, A., Zuccarini, M., Lee, J. Z., Faldella, G., & Iverson, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Bologna (IT)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sansavini, Alessandra
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-10-09
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 2131-2131
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6794419
- OpenAlex
- W2971467334
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 5.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca
- Autism Speaks
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- pointing gestures, gesture production, language delay, autism spectrum disorder, extremely low gestational age, preterm infants, older siblings, representational gestures, conventional gestures, infant language development, risk indicators
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