PROMISE: a model of insight and equanimity as the key effects of mindfulness meditation
Open accessAbstract
In a comprehensive meta-analysis on the effects of mindfulness meditation, Eberth and Sedlmeier (2012) identified a multitude of positive effects that covered a wide range of psychological variables, such as heightened mindfulness as measured through contemporary mindfulness scales, reduced negative emotions, increased positive emotions, changes in self-concept, enhanced attention, perception, and wellbeing, improved interpersonal abilities, and a reduction of negative personality traits. The present research aimed at developing and testing a comprehensive model explaining the wide range of mindfulness meditation effects and their temporal and causal relationships. In Study 1, interviews with meditators at different levels of experience were analyzed using a grounded theory procedure. The resulting model was triangulated and refined by concepts from both Western research and ancient Buddhist scriptures. The model developed highlights equanimity (reduction in emotional reactivity) and insight (alteration of cognitions) as the two key effects of mindfulness meditation that eventually lead to increased wellbeing. The model was pilot-tested with a large sample of meditators and non-meditators in Study 2. Data showed an acceptable fit with the model and indicated that meditators and non-meditators score significantly differently on the model’s core categories.
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Equanimity is increasingly recognized as a central component of mindfulness practice.
“Equanimity is a non-reactive attitude that is increasingly recognized as a central component of mindfulness practice and a key mechanism of mindfulness-based interventions that is currently lacking means of measurement.”
From Development and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16 (2021) · cites this paper as Eberth et al. 2019
The Abstract identifies equanimity as one of two key effects of mindfulness meditation, supporting its central role. The General Discussion says prior research has widely neglected it, so the paper does not establish that equanimity is increasingly recognized as central. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAcceptance and non-reactivity are central mechanisms of mindfulness-based interventions.
“Others point towards similar observations, suggesting that acceptance and non-reactivity are central mechanism of MBIs (Eberth et al. 2019; Gu et al. 2015; Lindsay et al. 2018).”
From Development and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16 (2021) · cites this paper as Eberth et al. 2019
The Study 1 Results describe non-judging observation and reduced emotional reactions as important to mindfulness meditation. But the Study 1 Methods say acceptance is most often conceptualized as a component of practice rather than a mechanism, while the Results describe reduced reactivity as equanimity, an effect. The paper therefore supports their importance but not the precise claim that both are central mechanisms of MBIs. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNon-attachment can give rise to greater equanimity.
“Furthermore, non-attachment can give rise to greater equanimity (Hadash et al., 2016; Eberth et al., 2019).”
From Aspects of acceptance: building a shared conceptual understanding (2024) · cites this paper as Eberth et al., 2019
Non-reactivity is central to equanimity but generally missed in many definitions.
“non-reactivity, which is central to equanimity (Eberth et al. 2019) but generally missed in many definitions (Hadash et al. 2016).”
From Development and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16 (2021) · cites this paper as Eberth et al. 2019
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- Authors
- Eberth, J., Sedlmeier, P., & Schäfer, T.
- Affiliations
- Chemnitz University of Technology (DE)
- MSB Medical School Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schäfer, Thomas
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-10-22
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 2389-2389
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6817944
- OpenAlex
- W2980235453
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 4.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, insight, equanimity, emotional reactivity, well-being, Buddhist scriptures, cognitive change
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