The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sources of Stress and Their Associations With Mental Disorders Among College Students: Results of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Initiative
Open accessAbstract
The college years are stressful for many students. Identifying the sources of stress and their relative importance in leading to clinically significant emotional problems may assist in the development of targeted stress management interventions. The current report examines the distribution and associations of perceived stress across major life areas with 12-month prevalence of common mental disorders in a cross-national sample of first-year college students. The 20,842 respondents were from 24 universities in 9 countries that participated in the World Health Organization World Mental Health International College Student Initiative. Logistic regression analysis examined associations of current perceived stress in 6 life areas (financial situation, health, love life, relationships with family, relationships at work/school, problems experienced by loved ones) with 6 types of 12-month mental disorders (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, alcohol use disorder, drug use disorder). Population attributable risk proportions (PARPs) were calculated to estimate the upper-bound potential effects of interventions focused on perceived stress in reducing prevalence of mental disorders. The majority of students (93.7%) reported at least some stress in at least 1 of the 6 areas. A significant dose-response association was found between extent of stress in each life area and increased odds of at least 1 of the 6 disorders. The multivariable models that included all stress measures were significant for all disorders (F=20.6-70.6, p<.001). Interpretation of PARPs as representing causal effects of stresses on disorders suggests that up to 46.9-80.0% of 12-month disorder prevalence might be eliminated if stress prevention interventions were developed to block the associations of stress with these disorders.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Many students are in a unique position in life, in which they must balance academic, social, and familial lives, while also potentially working to fund their education and general expenses (Karyotaki et al., 2020).”
From A Scoping Review of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Higher Education (2024) · cites this paper as Karyotaki et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Therefore psychological interventions for college students may play a critical role in prevention and early intervention with these mental disorders (Karyotaki et al., 2020).”
From Effects of self-guided stress management interventions in college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Karyotaki et al., 2020
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Prolonged psychological stress is closely associated with mental disorders (Auerbach et al., 2018; Beiter et al., 2015; Karyotaki et al., 2020; Mortier et al., 2018)”
From Effects of self-guided stress management interventions in college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Karyotaki et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.
Arnett, J. J. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469 · Cited by 16,843
SAUNDERS, J. B., AASLAND, O. G., BABOR, T. F., DE LA FUENTE, J. R., & GRANT, M. (1993) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x · Cited by 13,597
Auerbach, R. P., Collaborators, W. W.-I., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., et al. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000362 · Cited by 2,522 · cited 2×
“The associations of sociodemographics with mental disorders are not reported here, as they have been reported previously (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students
Beiter, R., Nash, R., McCrady, M., Rhoades, D., Linscomb, M., Clarahan, M., & Sammut, S. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054 · Cited by 2,030
Flexible Imputation of Missing Data
van Buuren, S. (2012) · doi:10.1201/b11826 · Cited by 2,022 · cited 1×
“Multiple imputation (MI) by chained equations (Buuren, 2012) was used to adjust for item-missing data, random internal sampling of survey sections in some countries to reduce survey length, and missing data due to skip logic errors that occurred Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 3 July…”
MethodA systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students
Ibrahim, A. K., Kelly, S. J., Adams, C. E., & Glazebrook, C. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.11.015 · Cited by 1,988
Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Axinn, W. G., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., Kessler, R. C., Liu, H., Mortier, P., et al. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001665 · Cited by 1,587
Self-citationPsychological distress in university students: A comparison with general population data
Stallman, H. M. (2010) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2010.482109 · Cited by 1,372
Nonresponse In Household Interview Surveys
Ziegel, E., Groves, R., & Couper, M. (1998) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1271375 · Cited by 1,283
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): A review of recent research
Reinert, D. F., & Allen, J. P. (2002) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02534.x · Cited by 1,143
Mental health problems in college freshmen: Prevalence and academic functioning
Bruffaerts, R., Mortier, P., Kiekens, G., Auerbach, R. P., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Green, J. G., Nock, M. K., & Kessler, R. C. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.044 · Cited by 1,047
Self-citationThe benefits of interventions for work-related stress
(2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.2.270 · Cited by 999
Interventions to reduce stress in university students: A review and meta-analysis
Regehr, C., Glancy, D., & Pitts, A. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.026 · Cited by 956
Eisenberg, D., Hunt, J., & Speer, N. (2013) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31827ab077 · Cited by 728 · cited 1×
“This is typical of other large-scale college student surveys (Eisenberg et al., 2013; Paul et al., 2015).”
BackgroundLiu, R. T., & Alloy, L. B. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.010 · Cited by 728
Mahmoud, J. S. R., Staten, R. “., Hall, L. A., & Lennie, T. A. (2012) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.632708 · Cited by 698
Variance estimation for complex surveys using replication techniques
Rust, K., & Rao, J. (1996) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/096228029600500305 · Cited by 662
Maximum likelihood estimation of the attributable fraction from logistic models.
Greenland, S., & Drescher, K. (1993) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532206 · Cited by 565
Ten Surprising Facts About Stressful Life Events and Disease Risk
Cohen, S., Murphy, M. L. M., & Prather, A. A. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102857 · Cited by 531
Newman, M. G., Llera, S. J., Erickson, T. M., Przeworski, A., & Castonguay, L. G. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185544 · Cited by 472
The Coping Circumplex Model: An Integrative Model of the Structure of Coping With Stress
Stanisławski, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00694 · Cited by 452
Harrer, M., Adam, S. H., Baumeister, H., Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Auerbach, R. P., Kessler, R. C., Bruffaerts, R., Berking, M., & Ebert, D. D. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1759 · Cited by 445
Self-citationStress and the higher education student: a critical review of the literature
Robotham, D., & Julian, C. (2006) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03098770600617513 · Cited by 436
Ebert, D. D., Mortier, P., Kaehlke, F., Bruffaerts, R., Baumeister, H., Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Vilagut, G., Martínez, K. U., Lochner, C., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1782 · Cited by 407
Self-citationMultiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys.
Kershaw, C. D., & Rubin, D. B. (1989) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532070 · Cited by 392
A meta-analysis of universal mental health prevention programs for higher education students
Conley, C. S., Durlak, J. A., & Kirsch, A. C. (2015) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-015-0543-1 · Cited by 340
Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among First-Year College Students: Results From the WMH-ICS Project
Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Bantjes, J., Benjet, C., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hasking, P., Nock, M. K., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.01.018 · Cited by 307
Self-citationMarsh, L. C., & R.Cormier, D. (2002) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412985901 · Cited by 298
Breedvelt, J., Amanvermez, Y., Harrer, M., Karyotaki, E., Gilbody, S. M., Bockting, C., Cuijpers, P. J., & Ebert, D. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00193 · Cited by 276
Self-citationFeiss, R., Dolinger, S. B., Merritt, M., Reiche, E., Martin, K., Yanes, J. A., Thomas, C. M., & Pangelinan, M. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01085-0 · Cited by 252
Bruffaerts, R., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Hermosillo De la Torre, A. E., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hasking, P., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1764 · Cited by 228
Self-citationComposite International Diagnostic Interview screening scales for DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders
Kessler, R. C., Calabrese, J. R., Farley, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Jewell, M. A., Katon, W. J., Keck, P. E., Nierenberg, A. A., Sampson, N. A., Shear, M. K., et al. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002334 · Cited by 223
Self-citationHarkness, K. L., & Monroe, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000178 · Cited by 223
Coping Strategies and Psychological Outcomes: The Moderating Effects of Personal Resiliency
Smith, M. M., Saklofske, D. H., Keefer, K. V., & Tremblay, P. F. (2015) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2015.1036828 · Cited by 219
Harrer, M., Adam, S. H., Fleischmann, R. J., Baumeister, H., Auerbach, R., Bruffaerts, R., Cuijpers, P., Kessler, R. C., Berking, M., Lehr, D., et al. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9293 · Cited by 216
Self-citationAlonso, J., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Bruffaerts, R., Vilagut, G., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Ennis, E., Gutiérrez-García, R. A., et al. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22778 · Cited by 205
Self-citationCollege student stress: the influence of interpersonal relationships on sense of coherence
Darling, C. A., McWey, L. M., Howard, S., & Olmstead, S. B. (2007) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1139 · Cited by 201
An Examination of Stress in College Students Over the Course of a Semester
Baghurst, T., & Kelley, B. C. (2014) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839913510316 · Cited by 190
Cuijpers, P., Auerbach, R. P., Benjet, C., Bruffaerts, R., Ebert, D., Karyotaki, E., & Kessler, R. C. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1761 · Cited by 190
Self-citationAdult attachment security and college student substance use
Kassel, J. D., Wardle, M. C., & Roberts, J. E. (2006) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.08.005 · Cited by 181
Heffer, T., & Willoughby, T. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186057 · Cited by 180
Stress and Coping Mechanisms: A Historical Overview
Baqutayan, S. M. S. (2015) · Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p479 · Cited by 178
Paul, E., Tsypes, A., Eidlitz, L., Ernhout, C., & Whitlock, J. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.026 · Cited by 168
Kessler, R. C., Santiago, P. N., Colpe, L. J., Dempsey, C. L., First, M. B., Heeringa, S. G., Stein, M. B., Fullerton, C. S., Gruber, M. J., Naifeh, J. A., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1398 · Cited by 162
Self-citationAuerbach, R. P., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Benjet, C. L., Cuijpers, P. J., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hasking, P. A., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1752 · Cited by 158
Self-citationMortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Axinn, W. G., Cuijpers, P. J., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hwang, I. H., Kessler, R. C., Liu, H., et al. (2018) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1481-6 · Cited by 155
Self-citationProblem-solving therapy for adult depression: An updated meta-analysis
Cuijpers, P., de Wit, L., Kleiboer, A., Karyotaki, E., & Ebert, D. D. (2018) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.11.006 · Cited by 134
Self-citationStillwell, S. B., Vermeesch, A. L., & Scott, J. (2017) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12250 · Cited by 121
Lifetime and 12-Month Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Academic Performance in College Freshmen.
Kiekens, G., Claes, L., Demyttenaere, K., Auerbach, R., Green, J., Kessler, R., Mortier, P., Nock, M., & Bruffaerts, R. (2016) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour · doi:10.1111/sltb.12237 · Cited by 102
Self-citationEicher, V., Staerklé, C., & Clémence, A. (2014) · Journal des adolescens · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.07.007 · Cited by 97
Alonso, J., Vilagut, G., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Bruffaerts, R., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Ennis, E., Gutiérrez‐García, R. A., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1750 · Cited by 79
Self-citationWilks, C. R., Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Benjet, C. L., Bruffaerts, R., Cuijpers, P. J., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Mellins, C. A., Mortier, P., et al. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.009 · Cited by 69
Self-citationBallester, L., Alayo, I., Vilagut, G., Almenara, J., Cebrià, A. I., Echeburúa, E., Gabilondo, A., Gili, M., Lagares, C., Piqueras, J. A., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221529 · Cited by 63
Self-citationMajdara, E., Talepasand, S., & Rezaei, A. M. (2017) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.5152/npa.2017.12711 · Cited by 48
Breedvelt, J. J. F., Kandola, A., Kousoulis, A. A., Brouwer, M. E., Karyotaki, E., Bockting, C. L. H., & Cuijpers, P. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.010 · Cited by 35
Self-citationKaryotaki, E., Klein, A. M., Riper, H., Wit, L. D., Krijnen, L., Bol, E., Bolinski, F., Burger, S., Ebert, D. D., Auerbach, R. P., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028739 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Babor, 2001, The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Care.
- Groves, 2006, Research synthesis: nonresponse rates and nonresponse error in household surveys, Paper Presented at the 16th International Workshop on Household Survey Nonresponse
- Kessler, 2004, Age and Depression in the MIDUS Survey, How Healthy Are We? A National Study of Well-being at Midlife, 227
- Lust, 2008, Health and Health-Related Behaviors: Minnesota Postsecondary Students.
- 2014, SAS 9.4.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Barbayannis, G., Bandari, M., Zheng, X., Baquerizo, H., Pecor, K. W., & Ming, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886344 · Cited by 923
Kiekens, G., Hasking, P. A., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Auerbach, R. P., Bantjes, J. R., Benjet, C. L., Boyes, M. E., Chiu, W. T., Claes, L., et al. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721002245 · Cited by 169
Self-citationMoore, A., Nguyen, A. L., Rivas, S., Bany-Mohammed, A., Majeika, J., & Martinez, L. C. (2021) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121211018122 · Cited by 167
Zhang, J., Peng, C., & Chen, C. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104351 · Cited by 125
Amanvermez, Y., Zhao, R., Cuijpers, P., de Wit, L. M., Ebert, D. D., Kessler, R. C., Bruffaerts, R., & Karyotaki, E. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100503 · Cited by 110
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Karyotaki, E., Cuijpers, P., Albor, Y., Alonso, J., Auerbach, R. P., Bantjes, J., Bruffaerts, R., Ebert, D. D., Hasking, P., Kiekens, G., Lee, S., McLafferty, M., Mak, A., Mortier, P., Sampson, N. A., Stein, D. J., Vilagut, G., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (MX)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Columbia University (US)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Curtin University (AU)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Municipal Institute for Medical Research (ES)
- South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-07-30
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 1759-1759
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7406671
- OpenAlex
- W3046229056
- Cited by
- 389
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 44.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) (submittedVersion)
- OPUS FAU (Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (KOBV), on behalf of the Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen-Nürnberg) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R56MH109566, R01MH070884)
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS (11N0514N, 11N0516N, 1114717N)
- King Baudouin Foundation United States (2014-J2140150-102905)
- Eli Lilly and Company (IIT-H6U-BX-I002)
- ZonMw (636110005)
- South African Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Keywords
- perceived stress, university students, common mental disorders, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, panic disorder, alcoholism, drug use disorders, financial stress, family relationships, population attributable risk, dose-response relationship, first-year students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
