A meta-analysis of universal mental health prevention programs for higher education students

Conley, Colleen S.; Durlak, Joseph A.; Kirsch, Alexandra C.

doi:10.1007/s11121-015-0543-1

Cited by 340Student Stress and CopingMental Health Treatment and AccessProblem Solving Skills Development

A meta-analysis of universal mental health prevention programs for higher education students

Conley, Colleen S., Durlak, Joseph A., Kirsch, Alexandra C.·2015·Prevention Science

DOI 10.1007/s11121-015-0543-1

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Abstract

This meta-analysis investigated the effectiveness of universal mental health prevention programs for higher education students on a range of adjustment outcomes. A systematic literature search identified 103 controlled published and unpublished interventions involving college, graduate, or professional students. As hypothesized, skill-training programs that included a supervised practice component were significantly more effective overall (mean effect size = 0.45, confidence interval (CI) = 0.39 to 0.52) compared to skill-training programs without supervised practice (0.11, CI = -0.01 to 0.22) and psychoeducational (information-only) programs (0.13, CI = 0.06 to 0.21). When comparisons on specific outcomes were possible, skill-training programs including supervised practice were significantly more effective than the other two groups of programs in reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and general psychological distress, and in improving social-emotional skills, self-perceptions, and academic behaviors and performance. The magnitude of effects achieved in several outcome areas is comparable to or higher than that reported in other reviews of universal programs, suggesting that skill-training programs for higher education students that incorporate supervised practice now join the ranks of other effective preventive mental health interventions. This review offers several recommendations to improve the experimental rigor of future research.

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Conley et al. (2015) pooled academic performance data from 90 studies with 103 individual face-to-face universal mental health prevention interventions, resulting in a statistically significant but small effect size of g = 0.18 (p < .01).
“For example, Conley et al. (2015) pooled academic performance data from 90 studies with 103 individual face-to-face universal mental health prevention interventions.”
From The effect of e-mental health interventions on academic performance in university and college students: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2020) · cites this paper as Conley et al. (2015)
Research on whether the effects of e-mental health interventions extend to academic performance is largely limited to interventions delivered offline.
“As of yet, research on whether these effects extend to academic performance is largely limited to interventions delivered offline.”
From The effect of e-mental health interventions on academic performance in university and college students: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2020) · cites this paper as Conley et al. (2015)

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Meta-analysis with robust variance estimation: Expanding the range of working models
Pustejovsky, J. E., & Tipton, E. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-021-01246-3 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
“Over the past decade, Prevention Science alone has published thirty such reviews, including reviews on substance abuse prevention programs (Hennessy & Tanner-Smith, 2015), mental health interventions (Conley et al., 2015), and parenting interventions (Baudry et al.”
Background
Sources of Stress and Their Associations With Mental Disorders Among College Students: Results of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Initiative
Karyotaki, E., Cuijpers, P., Albor, Y., Alonso, J., Auerbach, R. P., Bantjes, J., Bruffaerts, R., Ebert, D. D., Hasking, P., Kiekens, G., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01759 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Psychological health of doctoral candidates, study-related challenges and perceived performance
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Supporting mental health and wellbeing of university and college students: a systematic review of review-level evidence of interventions
Worsley, J. D., Pennington, A., & Corcoran, R. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266725 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“[32] found relaxation interventions to be the most effective.”
BackgroundInfluential
A systematic review of prevention programs targeting depression, anxiety, and stress in university students.
Rith-Najarian, L. R., Boustani, M. M., & Chorpita, B. F. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.035 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Navigating the College Years: Developmental Trajectories and Gender Differences in Psychological Functioning, Cognitive-Affective Strategies, and Social Well-Being
Conley, C. S., Shapiro, J. B., Huguenel, B. M., & Kirsch, A. C. (2020) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696818791603 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of indicated mental health prevention programs for at-risk higher education students.
Conley, C. S., Shapiro, J. B., Kirsch, A. C., & Durlak, J. A. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000190 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citation
Stress management interventions for college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Amanvermez, Y., Rahmadiana, M., Karyotaki, E., de Wit, L. D., Ebert, D., Kessler, R., & Cuijpers, P. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12342 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Effects of mental health interventions for students in higher education are sustainable over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
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Promoting Mental Health and Psychological Thriving in University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Three Well-Being Interventions
Seppala, E. M., Bradley, C. M., Moeller, J., Harouni, L., Nandamudi, D., & Brackett, M. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00590 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Well-being of students in higher education: The importance of a student perspective
Douwes, R., Metselaar, J., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., & Boonstra, N. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2190697 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Motivation of UK graduate students in education: self-compassion moderates pathway from extrinsic motivation to intrinsic motivation
Kotera, Y., Taylor, E., Fido, D., Williams, D., & Tsuda‐McCaie, F. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02301-6 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Interventions to Reduce Perceived Stress Among Graduate Students: A Systematic Review With Implications for Evidence‐Based Practice
Stillwell, S. B., Vermeesch, A. L., & Scott, J. (2017) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12250 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Setting-based interventions to promote mental health at the university: a systematic review
Fernandez, A., Howse, E., Rubio-Valera, M., Thorncraft, K., Noone, J., Luu, X., Veness, B., Leech, M., Llewellyn, G., & Salvador-Carulla, L. (2016) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-016-0846-4 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Universal and Indicated Preventive Technology-Delivered Interventions for Higher Education Students
Conley, C. S., Durlak, J. A., Shapiro, J. B., Kirsch, A. C., & Zahniser, E. (2016) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0662-3 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citation
Universal and selective interventions to promote good mental health in young people: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Salazar de Pablo, G., De Micheli, A., Nieman, D. H., Correll, C. U., Kessing, L. V., Pfennig, A., Bechdolf, A., Borgwardt, S., Arango, C., van Amelsvoort, T., et al. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.10.007 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The effect of e-mental health interventions on academic performance in university and college students: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Bolinski, F., Boumparis, N., Kleiboer, A., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., & Riper, H. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100321 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
A pragmatic clinical trial examining the impact of a resilience program on college student mental health
Akeman, E., Kirlic, N., Clausen, A. N., Cosgrove, K. T., McDermott, T. J., Cromer, L. D., Paulus, M. P., Yeh, H., & Aupperle, R. L. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22969 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Comparison of two approaches to prevention of mental health problems in college students: Enhancing coping and executive function skills
Bettis, A. H., Coiro, M. J., England, J., Murphy, L. K., Zelkowitz, R. L., Desjardins, L., Eskridge, R., Adery, L. H., Yarboi, J., Pardo, D., et al. (2017) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2017.1312411 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
On the role of mindfulness and compassion skills in students' coping, well‐being, and development across the transition to college: A conceptual analysis
Dvořáková, K., Greenberg, M. T., & Roeser, R. W. (2018) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2850 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Editorial: Psychological Distress Among University Students
Granieri, A., Franzoi, I. G., & Chung, M. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647940 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mental health, study skills, social support, and barriers to seeking psychological help among university students: a call for mental health support in higher education
Duraku, Z. H., Davis, H., & Hamiti, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1220614 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Group interventions to promote mental health in health professional education: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Lo, K., Waterland, J. L., Todd, P., Gupta, T., Bearman, M., Hassed, C. S., & Keating, J. L. (2017) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-017-9770-5 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Blended care in the treatment of subthreshold symptoms of depression and psychosis in emerging adults: A randomised controlled trial of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Daily-Life (ACT-DL)
van Aubel, E., Bakker, J. M., Batink, T., Michielse, S., Goossens, L., Lange, I., Schruers, K., Lieverse, R., Marcelis, M., van Amelsvoort, T., et al. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103592 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Change in parental and peer relationship quality during emerging adulthood: Implications for academic, social, and emotional functioning
Holt, L. J., Mattanah, J. F., & Long, M. W. (2018) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407517697856 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A Systematic Umbrella Review on the Epidemiology of Modifiable Health Influencing Factors and on Health Promoting Interventions Among University Students
Dietz, P., Reichel, J. L., Edelmann, D., Werner, A. M., Tibubos, A. N., Schäfer, M., Simon, P. D., Letzel, S., & Pfirrmann, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00137 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Impacts of Recreation Programs on the Mental Health of Postsecondary Students in North America: An Integrative Review
Litwiller, F., White, C. M., Hamilton-Hinch, B., & Gilbert, R. W. (2018) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2018.1483851 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Exploring differences in psychological well-being and self-regulated learning in university student success
Davis, S. K., & Hadwin, A. F. (2021) · Frontline Learning Research · doi:10.14786/flr.v9i1.581 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mental Health in College Populations: A Multidisciplinary Review of What Works, Evidence Gaps, and Paths Forward
Abelson, S., Lipson, S. K., & Eisenberg, D. (2022) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76660-3_6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Mental Health on University Campuses and the Needs of Students They Seek to Serve
Goodman, L. (2017) · Building Healthy Academic Communities Journal · doi:10.18061/bhac.v1i2.6056 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Compliance with recommendations limiting COVID-19 contagion among university students in Sweden: associations with self-reported symptoms, mental health and academic self-efficacy
Berman, A. H., Bendtsen, M., Molander, O., Lindfors, P., Lindner, P., Granlund, L., Topooco, N., Engström, K., & Andersson, C. R. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948211027824 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of higher education research
Tight, M. (2018) · European Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/21568235.2018.1541752 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Grit, resilience and growth‐mindset interventions in health professional students: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Calo, M., Judd, B. K., & Peiris, C. L. (2024) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.15391 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Student Wellbeing in the Teaching and Learning Environment: A Study Exploring Student and Staff Perspectives
Riva, E., Freeman, R., Schrock, L., Jelicic, V., Ozer, C.-T., & Caleb, R. (2020) · Higher Education Studies · doi:10.5539/hes.v10n4p103 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Academic and psychosocial characteristics of incoming college freshmen with autism spectrum disorder: The role of comorbidity and gender
Sturm, A., & Kasari, C. L. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2099 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Promoting University Students' Mental Health: A Systematic Literature Review Introducing the 4M-Model of Individual-Level Interventions
Nair, B., & Otaki, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.699030 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Universal and selective interventions to prevent poor mental health outcomes in young people: systematic review and meta-analysis
Salazar de Pablo, G., De Micheli, A., Solmi, M., Oliver, D., Catalan, A., Verdino, V., Di Maggio, L., Bonoldi, I., Radua, J., Baccaredda Boy, O., et al. (2021) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000294 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Psychosocial burden in medical students and specific prevention strategies
Bugaj, T., Cranz, A., Junne, F., Erschens, R., Herzog, W., & Nikendei, C. (2016) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2015.12.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Impact of Mobile Technology-Delivered Interventions on Youth Well-being: Systematic Review and 3-Level Meta-analysis
Conley, C. S., Raposa, E. B., Bartolotta, K., Broner, S. E., Hareli, M., Forbes, N., Christensen, K. M., & Assink, M. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/34254 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
‘When They Struggle, I Cannot Sleep Well Either’: Perceptions and Interactions Surrounding University Student and Teacher Well-Being
Kiltz, L., Rinas, R., Daumiller, M. H., Fokkens-Bruinsma, M., & Jansen, E. P. W. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578378 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Efficacy of the Fun For Wellness Online Intervention to Promote Multidimensional Well-Being: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Myers, N. D., Prilleltensky, I., Prilleltensky, O., McMahon, A., Dietz, S., & Rubenstein, C. (2017) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-017-0779-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Resilience as a Buffering Variable Between the Big Five Components and Factors and Symptoms of Academic Stress at University
de la Fuente, J., Torres, M. C. G., Garde, R. A., Vera, M. M., Vicente, J. M. M., & Sánchez, F. J. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.600240 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A follow‐up study to a randomised control trial to investigate the perceived impact of mindfulness on academic performance in university students
Bóo, S. J. M., Childs‐Fegredo, J., Cooney, S., Datta, B., Dufour, G., Jones, P. B., & Galante, J. (2019) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12282 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Research on How Emotional Expressions of Emotional Labor Workers and Perception of Customer Feedbacks Affect Turnover Intentions: Emphasis on Moderating Effects of Emotional Intelligence
Lee, Y.-H., Lee, S., & Chung, J.-Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02526 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
What are the effects of preventative interventions on major depressive disorder (MDD) in young adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Breedvelt, J. J. F., Kandola, A., Kousoulis, A. A., Brouwer, M. E., Karyotaki, E., Bockting, C. L. H., & Cuijpers, P. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.010 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Culturally Responsive Social Emotional Learning for International Students
Yeh, E., Sharma, R., Jaiswal-Oliver, M., & Wan, G. (2021) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/jis.v12i1.2976 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Prevalence and changes in depressive symptoms among postgraduate students: A systematic review and meta‐analysis from 1980 to 2020
Guo, L., Fan, H., Xu, Z., Li, J., Chen, T., Zhang, Z., & Yang, K. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3045 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Improvements in well-being and cardiac metrics of stress following a yogic breathing workshop: Randomized controlled trial with active comparison
Goldstein, M. R., Lewin, R. K., & Allen, J. J. B. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1781867 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A Single-Session Workshop to Enhance Emotional Awareness and Emotion Regulation for Graduate Students: A Pilot Study
Bernstein, E. E., LeBlanc, N. J., Bentley, K. H., Barreira, P. J., & McNally, R. J. (2020) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2020.09.008 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Mindful Way Through the Semester: Evaluating the Impact of Integrating an Acceptance-Based Behavioral Program Into a First-Year Experience Course for Undergraduates
Danitz, S. B., Suvak, M. K., & Orsillo, S. M. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.03.002 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The mental labyrinth of postgraduate research: a qualitative study of postgraduate mental health and wellbeing and the impact of the supervisory relationship
White, N., Milicev, J., Bradford, D. R. R., Rodger, A., & Gardani, M. (2023) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-023-01061-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Resposta a necessidades em saúde mental de estudantes universitários: uma revisão rápida
Gaiotto, E. M. G., Trapé, C. A., Campos, C. M. S., Fujimori, E., Carrer, F. C. D. A., Nichiata, L. Y. I., Cordeiro, L., de Bortoli, M. C., Yonekura, T., Toma, T. S., et al. (2021) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003363 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a transdiagnostic individually tailored Internet-based and mobile-supported intervention for the indicated prevention of depression and anxiety (ICare Prevent) in Dutch college students: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Bolinski, F., Kleiboer, A., Karyotaki, E., Bosmans, J. E., Zarski, A.-C., Weisel, K. K., Ebert, D. D., Jacobi, C., Cuijpers, P., & Riper, H. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2477-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Efficacité des interventions en prévention et en promotion de la santé mentale dans les établissements d’enseignement postsecondaire
Martineau, M., Beauchamp, G., & Marcotte, D. (2017) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/1040249ar · Cited by 30 · see citing works
An Intervention Enhances Resilience in Entry-Level Physical Therapy Students: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial
Mejia-Downs, A. (2019) · Journal of Physical Therapy Education · doi:10.1097/jte.0000000000000114 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mediating effects of artificial intelligence on the relationship between academic engagement and mental health among Chinese college students
Wang, Y., & Wang, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1477470 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The efficacy of online mindfulness‐based interventions in a university student sample: Videoconference‐ or podcast‐delivered intervention
Karing, C. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12408 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Evaluating the Implementation and Effectiveness of a Low-Dose Mindfulness-Based Intervention in a Student Sample: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Karing, C., & Beelmann, A. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01613-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mental Health in College Populations: A Multidisciplinary Review of What Works, Evidence Gaps, and Paths Forward
Abelson, S., Lipson, S. K., & Eisenberg, D. (2021) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66959-1_6-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Analysis of the Effect of Emotional Intelligence and Coping Strategies on the Anxiety, Stress and Depression Levels of University Students
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An Evaluative Review of Outcome Research on Universal Mental Health Promotion and Prevention Programs for Higher Education Students
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A systematic review of prevention programs targeting depression, anxiety, and stress in university students.
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Authors: Conley, C. S., Durlak, J. A., & Kirsch, A. C.
Affiliations: Loyola University Chicago (US)
Corresponding author: Conley, Colleen S.
ORCID: Conley, Colleen S.
Durlak, Joseph A.
Kirsch, Alexandra C.
Venue: Prevention Science
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-03-07
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Pages: 487-507
ISSN: 1389-4986 (ISSN-L)
1573-6695
DOI: 10.1007/s11121-015-0543-1
OpenAlex: W2064324224
Cited by: 340
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7
FWCI: 2.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Prevention Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: University of Chicago
Loyola University Chicago
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Problem Solving Skills Development
Keywords: university students, skill development programs, supervised practice, psychoeducational intervention, depression, anxiety, stress, psychological distress, socioemotional skills, academic performance, self-perception
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Emotions, Humans, Mental Health, Students, Universities, Young Adult

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