The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health, quality of life and intrafamilial relations—A population-based survey in Germany.
Open accessAbstract
The occurrence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (COVID-19) at the end of 2019 comes along with many challenges. Besides worry for one's own health and the well-being of the family, all measures applied to limit the spread of the coronavirus affected daily life. School closures, economic shutdown and contact restrictions have led to high levels of stress. The impact on health and families has been widely discussed. However, population-based data are scarce. Here, we have assessed health, quality of life and intrafamilial relations depending on the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a three-step random-route approach, a population-based sample of 2,515 persons (52.6% female, average age of 50.3 years) was recruited during the second COVID-19 wave in Germany in winter 2020/21. While the majority of participants reported no change in their health status and the relationship with their partner and children, more than half of participants reported a decreased quality of life since the beginning of the pandemic. Female gender, age above 60 years, a low household income, not living with a partner and the experience of childhood adversity were associated with a higher risk for a worsening of health, quality of life and intrafamilial relations. These had already been well-established risk factors ahead of the pandemic. In order to avoid further increase of inequality in our society and more devastating impact of the pandemic on health and intrafamilial relations, low-level support and intervention programs are urgently needed.
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The average mental wellbeing and subjective quality of life decreased significantly in Germany during the COVID pandemic.
“This is remarkable, considering that in the same time, due to the COVID pandemic and associated restrictions, the average mental wellbeing as well as subjective quality of life decreased significantly in Germany (26–28).”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy in a psychiatric day hospital—A longitudinal naturalistic effectiveness trial (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
The Results section ('Change of Health, Quality of Life and Intrafamilial Relations During the Pandemic'; page unavailable) reports that a majority of participants perceived a decline in quality of life. It does not report a statistically significant decline in average quality of life or mental wellbeing: most reported no change in general health, and the study's measure was not specifically mental wellbeing. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe previously described reduced wellbeing and quality of life in the general population during the pandemic did presumably apply also to the participants in this study.
“The previously described reduced wellbeing and quality of life in the general population during the pandemic did presumably apply also to the participants in this study.”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy in a psychiatric day hospital—A longitudinal naturalistic effectiveness trial (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
The Results section reports that most respondents in a population-based German sample experienced worse quality of life during the pandemic. It also reports that about one quarter experienced worse general health, while most reported no health change; the paper does not establish a general reduction in wellbeing as a distinct measure. Whether the finding applied to the citing study’s participants is the citing authors’ stated presumption, not a finding of this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Klein, S., Fegert, J. M., Geprägs, A., Brähler, E., & Clemens, V.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Clemens, Vera
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-03-11
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 844057-844057
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8963202
- OpenAlex
- W4220930221
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 3.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OPen Access Repositorium der Universität Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Universität Ulm, Kommunikations- und Informationszentrum (kiz) (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Social impacts of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, quality of life, family relationships, health status, childhood adversity, household income, gender differences, older adults, living arrangements, social inequality, risk factors
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