Research Review: Neural response to threat in children, adolescents, and adults after child maltreatment – a quantitative meta‐analysis
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Background: Child maltreatment is common and has long‐term consequences for affective function. Investigations of neural consequences of maltreatment have focused on the amygdala. However, developmental neuroscience indicates that other brain regions are also likely to be affected by child maltreatment, particularly in the social information processing network ( SIPN ). We conducted a quantitative meta‐analysis to: confirm that maltreatment is related to greater bilateral amygdala activation in a large sample that was pooled across studies; investigate other SIPN structures that are likely candidates for altered function; and conduct a data‐driven examination to identify additional regions that show altered activation in maltreated children, teens, and adults. Methods: We conducted an activation likelihood estimation analysis with 1,733 participants across 20 studies of emotion processing in maltreated individuals. Results: Maltreatment is associated with increased bilateral amygdala activation to emotional faces. One SIPN structure is altered: superior temporal gyrus, of the detection node, is hyperactive in maltreated individuals. The results of the whole‐brain corrected analysis also show hyperactivation of the parahippocampal gyrus and insula in maltreated individuals. Conclusions: The meta‐analysis confirms that maltreatment is related to increased bilateral amygdala reactivity and also shows that maltreatment affects multiple additional structures in the brain that have received little attention in the literature. Thus, although the majority of studies examining maltreatment and brain function have focused on the amygdala, these findings indicate that the neural consequences of child maltreatment involve a broader network of structures.
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Childhood trauma and adversity are associated with increased amygdala reactivity to negative stimuli and decreased resting functional coupling between amygdala and vmPFC.
“childhood trauma and adversity are associated with increased amygdala reactivity particularly to negative stimuli (e.g. [38–47]) as well as decreased resting functional coupling between the amygdala and vmPFC [48,49].”
From Trauma, PTSD, and the Developing Brain (2017) · cites this paper as [47]
Threat-related ELA is linked to stronger amygdala reactivity to threat, from childhood through adulthood, in a dose-response way, and not just due to concurrent psychopathology.
“At the neural level, adversity experiences characterized by both threat and deprivation have been associated with greater amygdala reactivity in response to signals of threat, such as fearful faces or negative emotional images.63–66,86–89 This effect is present in childhood64,65,86 and persists through adolescence66,86 into adulthood.87,88 A recent meta-analysis confirms that childhood maltreat”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [63]
Experiences of deprivation may be more likely to lead to blunted ventral striatum reactivity to reward than experiences of threat, while both types of ELA can produce heightened amygdala reactivity to threat.
“Experiences of deprivation may be more likely to lead to blunted VS reactivity to reward than experiences of threat,112 while both types of ELA can produce a pattern of heightened amygdala reactivity to threat.63,86,94,95”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Hein, T. C., & Monk, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hein, Tyler C.
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-10-25
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 222-230
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2537790800
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 2.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.childhelp.org
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Michigan
- Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, University of Michigan
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- child abuse, threat processing, amygdala hyperactivation, emotional face processing, superior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, insula, emotional processing, children and adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Amygdala, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Child Abuse, Fear, Humans, Social Perception
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