Microalgal Biostimulants and Biofertilisers in Crop Productions
Open accessAbstract
Microalgae are attracting the interest of agrochemical industries and farmers, due to their biostimulant and biofertiliser properties. Microalgal biostimulants (MBS) and biofertilisers (MBF) might be used in crop production to increase agricultural sustainability. Biostimulants are products derived from organic material that, applied in small quantities, are able to stimulate the growth and development of several crops under both optimal and stressful conditions. Biofertilisers are products containing living microorganisms or natural substances that are able to improve chemical and biological soil properties, stimulating plant growth, and restoring soil fertility. This review is aimed at reporting developments in the processing of MBS and MBF, summarising the biologically-active compounds, and examining the researches supporting the use of MBS and MBF for managing productivity and abiotic stresses in crop productions. Microalgae are used in agriculture in different applications, such as amendment, foliar application, and seed priming. MBS and MBF might be applied as an alternative technique, or used in conjunction with synthetic fertilisers, crop protection products and plant growth regulators, generating multiple benefits, such as enhanced rooting, higher crop yields and quality and tolerance to drought and salt. Worldwide, MBS and MBF remain largely unexploited, such that this study highlights some of the current researches and future development priorities.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cyanobacteria produce metabolites that improve soil fertility and quality.
“Cyanobacteria have been found to produce metabolites that improve soil fertility and quality [104].”
From A Holistic Approach to Circular Bioeconomy Through the Sustainable Utilization of Microalgal Biomass for Biofuel and Other Value-Added Products (2024) · cites this paper as [104]
Polysaccharides like glucan found in microalgae promote plant growth by interacting with leucine-rich repeat membrane receptors, activating pathways regulating genes involved in cell proliferation.
“Polysaccharides like glucan found in microalgae promote plant growth by interacting with leucine-rich repeat membrane receptors, activating pathways regulating genes involved in cell proliferation [104].”
From A Holistic Approach to Circular Bioeconomy Through the Sustainable Utilization of Microalgal Biomass for Biofuel and Other Value-Added Products (2024) · cites this paper as [104]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance
Munns, R., & Tester, M. (2008) · Annual Review of Plant Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911 · Cited by 13,792 · see citing works
Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People
Godfray, H. C. J., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J. F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S. M., & Toulmin, C. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1185383 · Cited by 11,943 · see citing works
Chisti, Y. (2007) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001 · Cited by 9,524 · see citing works
Solutions for a cultivated planet
Foley, J. A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K. A., Cassidy, E. S., Gerber, J. S., Johnston, M., Mueller, N. D., O’Connell, C., Ray, D. K., West, P. C., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10452 · Cited by 8,476 · see citing works
Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices
Tilman, D., Cassman, K. G., Matson, P. A., Naylor, R., & Polasky, S. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01014 · Cited by 7,957 · see citing works
Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review
Mata, T. M., Martins, A. A., & Caetano, N. S. (2010) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.020 · Cited by 5,685 · see citing works
Culture of Phytoplankton for Feeding Marine Invertebrates
Guillard, R. R. L. (1975) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8714-9_3 · Cited by 5,344 · see citing works
Brennan, L., & Owende, P. (2010) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009 · Cited by 4,894 · see citing works
Commercial Applications of Microalgae
Spolaore, P., Joannis-Cassan, C., Duran, E., & Isambert, A. (2006) · Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering · doi:10.1263/jbb.101.87 · Cited by 4,285 · see citing works
Rodolfi, L., Chini Zittelli, G., Bassi, N., Padovani, G., Biondi, N., Bonini, G., & Tredici, M. R. (2009) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.22033 · Cited by 2,879 · see citing works
Plant biostimulants: Definition, concept, main categories and regulation
du Jardin, P. (2015) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.021 · Cited by 2,863 · see citing works
Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants
Calvo, P., Nelson, L. M., & Kloepper, J. W. (2014) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-014-2131-8 · Cited by 2,432 · see citing works
Auxin: Regulation, Action, and Interaction
Woodward, A. W. (2005) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mci083 · Cited by 2,338 · see citing works
Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: Process options and economics
Molina Grima, E., Belarbi, E.-H., Acién Fernández, F. G., Robles Medina, A., & Chisti, Y. (2003) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/s0734-9750(02)00050-2 · Cited by 2,286 · see citing works
An outlook on microalgal biofuels
Wijffels, R. H., & Barbosa, M. J. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1189003 · Cited by 1,886 · see citing works
High-value products from microalgae—their development and commercialisation
Borowitzka, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-013-9983-9 · Cited by 1,585 · see citing works
Microalgae and wastewater treatment
Abdel-Raouf, N., Al-Homaidan, A. A., & Ibraheem, I. B. M. (2012) · Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.04.005 · Cited by 1,579 · see citing works
Biostimulants in Plant Science: A Global Perspective
Yakhin, O. I., Александрович, Л. А., Yakhin, I. A., & Brown, P. H. (2017) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.02049 · Cited by 1,477 · see citing works
Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals
Smith, W. L., & Chanley, M. H. (1975) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8714-9 · Cited by 1,359 · see citing works
Yin, Y., Wang, Z., Mora‐García, S., Li, J., Yoshida, S., Asami, T., & Chory, J. (2002) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00721-3 · Cited by 1,287 · see citing works
Photobioreactors for Mass Cultivation of Algae
Ugwu, C. U., Aoyagi, H., & Uchiyama, H. (2008) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.046 · Cited by 1,209 · see citing works
The crop yield gap between organic and conventional agriculture
de Ponti, T., Rijk, B., & van Ittersum, M. K. (2012) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2011.12.004 · Cited by 1,185 · see citing works
Evaluating toxicity of immature compost
Zucconi, F., Pera, A., Forte, M., & Bertoldi, M. (1981) · Biocycle · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
Seaweed extract stimuli in plant science and agriculture
Craigie, J. S. (2010) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-010-9560-4 · Cited by 1,116 · see citing works
Nutritional properties of microalgae for mariculture
Brown, M. R., Jeffrey, S. W., Volkman, J. K., & Dunstan, G. A. (1997) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(96)01501-3 · Cited by 1,041 · see citing works
Photobioreactors: Production systems for phototrophic microorganisms
O., P. (2001) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s002530100702 · Cited by 987 · see citing works
Seaweed extracts as biostimulants in horticulture
Battacharyya, D., Zamani-Babgohari, M., Rathor, P., & Prithiviraj, B. (2015) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.012 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
Microalgal Reactors: A Review of Enclosed System Designs and Performances
CARVALHO, A. P. F. D., Meireles, L. A., & Malcata, F. X. (2006) · Biotechnology Progress · doi:10.1021/bp060065r · Cited by 948 · see citing works
The role of biostimulants and bioeffectors as alleviators of abiotic stress in crop plants
Oosten, M. J. V., Pepe, O., Pascale, S. D., Silletti, S., & Maggio, A. (2017) · Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture · doi:10.1186/s40538-017-0089-5 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Handbook of Microalgal Culture: Biotechnology and Applied Phycology
(2003) · doi:10.1002/9780470995280 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Microalgae – A promising tool for heavy metal remediation
Kumar, K. S., Dahms, H.-U., Won, E., Lee, J., & Shin, K. (2014) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.019 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Use of Algae for Removing Heavy Metal Ions From Wastewater: Progress and Prospects
Mehta, S. K., & Gaur, J. P. (2005) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/07388550500248571 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Suganya, T., Varman, M., Masjuki, H. H., & Renganathan, S. (2016) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.026 · Cited by 793 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It was estimated that ~800,000 microalgae species exist, of which ~50,000 species are described [6].”
BackgroundGil-Chávez, J., Villa-Rodríguez, J. A., Ayala-Zavala, J. F., Heredia, J. B., Sepulveda, D. R., Yahia, E. M., & González-Aguilar, G. A. (2013) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12005 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Biostimulants and crop responses: a review
Bulgari, R., Cocetta, G., Trivellini, A., et al. (2014) · Biological Agriculture & Horticulture · doi:10.1080/01448765.2014.964649 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Genetic control of abscisic acid biosynthesis in maize
Tan, B. C., Schwartz, S. H., Zeevaart, J. A. D., & McCarty, D. R. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.22.12235 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Transition metal transporters in plants
Hall, J. L. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erg303 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Sharma, H. S. S., Fleming, C. C., Selby, C., Rao, J. R., & Martin, T. (2013) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-013-0101-9 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Prospects of biodiesel production from microalgae in India
Khan, S. A., Rashmi, R., Hussain, M. Z., Prasad, S., & Banerjee, U. C. (2009) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.04.005 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
(2012) · Cited by 580 · see citing works
A review on harvesting, oil extraction and biofuels production technologies from microalgae
Pragya, N., Pandey, K. K., & Sahoo, P. K. (2013) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.034 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Microalgal mass culture systems and methods: their limitation and potential
Lee, Y.-K. (2001) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1023/a:1017560006941 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Rouphael, Y., & Colla, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01655 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Hayashi, T., Hayashi, K., Maeda, M., & Kojima, I. (1996) · Journal of Natural Products · doi:10.1021/np960017o · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Plant Nutrition of Greenhouse Crops
Sonneveld, C., & Voogt, W. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2532-6 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Biofertilizer and biostimulant properties of the microalga Acutodesmus dimorphus
Garcia-Gonzalez, J., & Sommerfeld, M. (2016) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-015-0625-2 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Tarakhovskaya, E., Maslov, Y. I., & Shishova, M. F. (2007) · Russian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1134/s1021443707020021 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Phytohormones in microalgae: a new opportunity for microalgal biotechnology?
Lu, Y., & Xu, J. (2015) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.006 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Food and feed products from micro-algae: Market opportunities and challenges for the EU
Vigani, M., Parisi, C., Rodríguez-Cerezo, E., Barbosa, M. J., Sijtsma, L., Ploeg, M., & Enzing, C. (2015) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2014.12.004 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Cytokinins. New insights into a classic phytohormone
Haberer, G., & Kieber, J. J. (2002) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.010773 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Acién, F. G., Gómez-Serrano, C., Morales-Amaral, M. M., Fernández-Sevilla, J. M., & Molina-Grima, E. (2016) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-016-7835-7 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Colla, L. M., Oliveira Reinehr, C., Reichert, C., & Costa, J. A. V. (2007) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.09.030 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Evidence for the presence of plant growth regulators in commercial seaweed products
Crouch, I. J., & van Staden, J. (1993) · Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/bf00207588 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Tüzün, İ., Bayramoğlu, G., Yalçın, E., Kankılıç, G. B., Çelik, G., & Arica, M. Y. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.01.028 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Efficiency of sunlight utilization: Tubular versus flat photobioreactors
Tredici, M. R., & Zittelli, G. C. (1998) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980120)57:2 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Elimination of phytotoxicity during co-composting of spent pig-manure sawdust litter and pig sludge
Tiquia-Arashiro, S. M., & Tam, N. F. Y. (1998) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/s0960-8524(98)00024-8 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Coppens, J., Grunert, O., Hende, S. V. D., Vanhoutte, I., Boon, N., Haesaert, G., & Gelder, L. D. (2015) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-015-0775-2 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Karthikeyan, S., Balasubramanian, R., & Iyer, C. S. P. (2006) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.01.010 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Acién, F. G., Fernández-Sevilla, J. M., Pérez, J. A. S., Grima, E. M., & Yusuf Chisti, B. (2001) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/s0009-2509(00)00521-2 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Enhanced leaf chlorophyll levels in plants treated with seaweed extract
Blunden, G., Jenkins, T., & Liu, Y.-W. (1996) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/bf02186333 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Degen, J., Uebele, A., Retze, A., Schmid-Staiger, U., & Trösch, W. (2001) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/s0168-1656(01)00350-9 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Algal extracts: Technology and advances
Michalak, I., & Chojnacka, K. (2014) · Engineering in Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/elsc.201400139 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Fidalgo, P., Cid, Á., Torres, E., Sukenik, A., & Herrero, C. (1998) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00278-6 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACCLIMATION OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON TO DIFFERENT NITROGEN SOURCES1
Levasseur, M. E., THOMPSON, P. A., & Harrison, P. J. H. (1993) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1993.00587.x · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Ogbonda, K. H., Aminigo, R. E., & Abu, G. O. (2006) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.08.028 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Aulakh, M. S., & Malhi, S. S. (2005) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(05)86007-9 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Zittelli, G. C., Lavista, F., Bastianini, A., Rodolfi, L., VINCENZINI, M. T., & Tredici, M. R. (1999) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00082-6 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Moheimani, N. R., & Borowitzka, M. A. (2006) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-006-9075-1 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Zittelli, G. C., Rodolfi, L., Biondi, N., & Tredici, M. R. (2006) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.08.011 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Impact of seaweeds on agricultural crop production as biofertilizer
Nabti, E., Jha, B., & Hartmann, A. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-016-1202-1 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Rayorath, P., Jithesh, M. N., Farid, A. H., et al. (2007) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-007-9280-6 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
JIMENEZ, C. (2003) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00123-6 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Biodiesel production with microalgae as feedstock: from strains to biodiesel
Gong, Y., & Jiang, M. (2011) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/s10529-011-0574-z · Cited by 217 · see citing works
McAdam, S. A. M., & Brodribb, T. J. (2016) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.16.00380 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Auxin and cytokinin relationships in 24 microalgal strains <sup>1</sup>
Stirk, W. A., Ördög, V., Novák, O., Rolčík, J., Strnad, M., Bálint, P., & van Staden, J. (2013) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/jpy.12061 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Optimization of a flat plate glass reactor for mass production of Nannochloropsis sp. outdoors
RICHMOND, A. E., & Zhang, C. (2001) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/s0168-1656(00)00353-9 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
González, A., Castro, J., Vera, J., & Moenne, A. (2012) · Journal of Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/s00344-012-9309-1 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
An Emerging Model of Auxin Transport Regulation
Muday, G. K., & Murphy, A. S. (2002) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.140230 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Ugwu, J. O. (2002) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-002-0940-9 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Magán, J. J., Gallardo, M., Thompson, R. B., et al. (2008) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2008.03.011 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Danesi, E. D. G., Rangel‐Yagui, C. D. O., de Carvalho, J. C. M., & Sato, S. (2002) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/s0961-9534(02)00054-5 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Caradonia, F., Battaglia, V., Righi, L., Pascali, G., & Torre, A. L. (2018) · Journal of Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/s00344-018-9853-4 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Hormone profiles in microalgae: Gibberellins and brassinosteroids
Stirk, W. A., Bálint, P., Tarkowská, D., Novák, O., Strnad, M., Ördög, V., & van Staden, J. (2013) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.037 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Barone, V., Baglieri, A., Stevanato, P., Broccanello, C., Bertoldo, G., Bertaggia, M., Cagnin, M., Pizzeghello, D., Moliterni, V. M. C., Mandolino, G., et al. (2018) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-017-1283-3 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The future of food — Scenarios and the effect on natural resource use in agriculture in 2050
Odegard, I., & van der Voet, E. (2013) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.10.005 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
The growth–defense pivot: crisis management in plants mediated by LRR-RK surface receptors
Belkhadir, Y., Yang, L., Hetzel, J., Dangl, J. L., & Chory, J. (2014) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2014.06.006 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Zhang, C., Zmora, O., Kopel, R., & RICHMOND, A. E. (2001) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(00)00533-0 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Plaza, B. M., Gómez-Serrano, C., Acién, F. G., & Jiménez, S. (2018) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-018-1427-0 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Pina-Pérez, M. C., Rivas, A., Martínez, A., & Rodrigo, D. (2017) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.033 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Borgognone, D., Colla, G., Rouphael, Y., et al. (2012) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2012.02.012 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Radmann, E. M., Reinehr, C. O., & Costa, J. A. V. (2007) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.02.001 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
A simple algal production system designed to utilize the flashing light effect
Laws, E. A., Terry, K. L., Wickman, J., & Chalup, M. S. (1983) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.260251004 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Hormones and hormone-like substances of microorganisms: A review
Tsavkelova, E. A., Klimova, S. Y., Cherdyntseva, T. A., & Netrusov, A. I. (2006) · Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology · doi:10.1134/s000368380603001x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Application of biostimulants in floating system for improving rocket quality
Vernieri, P., Borghesi, E., Ferrante, A., et al. (2005) · CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Romero‐García, J. M., Acién, F. G., & Fernández-Sevilla, J. M. (2012) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.094 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Lu, Y., Tarkowská, D., Turečková, V., Luo, T., Yi, X., Li, J., Wang, Q., Jiao, N., Strnad, M., & Xu, J. (2014) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.12615 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Microalgae harvesting by flotation using natural saponin and chitosan
Kurniawati, H. A., Ismadji, S., & Liu, J. C. (2014) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.079 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Outdoor cultivation of a nitrogen-fixing marine cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047
Moreno, J. (2003) · Biomolecular Engineering · doi:10.1016/s1389-0344(03)00051-0 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Quality analysis of commercial Chlorella products used as dietary supplement in human nutrition
Görs, M., Schumann, R., Hepperle, D., & Karsten, U. (2009) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-009-9455-4 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Evaluation of Supercritical Extracts of Algae as Biostimulants of Plant Growth in Field Trials
Michalak, I., Chojnacka, K., Dmytryk, A., Wilk, R., Gramza, M., & Rój, E. (2016) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.01591 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Tate, J. J., Gutierrez‐Wing, M. T., Rusch, K. A., & Benton, M. G. (2012) · Journal of Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/s00344-012-9302-8 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Schreiber, C., Schiedung, H., Harrison, L. C., Briese, C., Ackermann, B., Kant, J., Schrey, S. D., Hofmann, D., Singh, D., Ebenhöh, O., et al. (2018) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-018-1390-9 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Bose, S. K., Yadav, R. K., Mishra, S., Sangwan, R. S., Singh, A., Mishra, B., Srivastava, A. K., & Sangwan, N. S. (2013) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.011 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Conditions for open-air outdoor culture of Dunaliella salina in southern Spain
García‐González, M., Moreno, J., Cañavate, J. P., Anguís, V., Prieto, A., Manzano, C., Florencio, F. J., & Guerrero, M. G. (2003) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1023/a:1023892520443 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Effect of light on growth and endogenous hormones in Chlorella minutissima (Trebouxiophyceae)
Stirk, W. A., Bálint, P., Tarkowská, D., Novák, O., Maróti, G., Ljung, K., Turečková, V., Strnad, M., Ördög, V., & van Staden, J. (2014) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.03.005 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Ghasemi, Y., ., A. M., ., A. M., Shokravi, S., & ., M. H. M. (2007) · Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/jbs.2007.904.910 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
He, M., Wang, Z., & Tang, H. (1998) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(97)00229-7 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
As integrated culture system for outdoor production of microalgae and cyanobacteria
Pushparaj, B., Pelosi, E., Tredici, M. R., Pinzani, E., & Materassi, R. (1997) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1023/a:1007988924153 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Rebolloso, M. M., Sánchez, J. L. G., Fernández-Sevilla, J. M., Acién, F. G., Pérez, J. A. S., & Grima, E. M. (1999) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00080-2 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Tripathi, R. D., Dwivedi, S., Shukla, M. K., Mishra, S., Srivastava, S., Singh, R., Rai, U. N., & Gupta, D. K. (2007) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.038 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Novel bioprocess for the cultivation of microalgae in hydroponic growing system of tomato plants
Barone, V., Puglisi, I., Fragalà, F., Piero, A. R. L., Giuffrida, F., & Baglieri, A. (2018) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-018-1518-y · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Hagassou, D., Francia, E., Ronga, D., et al. (2019) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.01.042 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationCai, T., Ge, X., Park, S. Y., & Li, Y. (2013) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.101 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
El‐Baky, H. H. A., El-Baz, F. K., & Baroty, G. S. E. (2009) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.3815 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Synchronized Regulation of Different Zwitterionic Metabolites in the Osmoadaption of Phytoplankton
Gebser, B., & Pohnert, G. (2013) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md11062168 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
An overview of the current plant biostimulant legislations in different European Member States
Torre, A. L., Battaglia, V., & Caradonia, F. (2015) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.7358 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The use of organic biostimulants in hot pepper plants to help low input sustainable agriculture
Ertani, A., Sambo, P., Nicoletto, C., et al. (2015) · Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture · doi:10.1186/s40538-015-0039-z · Cited by 85 · see citing works
RICHMOND, A. E. (1992) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/bf02161213 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Continuous production of green cells of Haematococcus pluvialis: Modeling of the irradiance effect
García‐Malea, M. C., Acién, F. G., Fernández-Sevilla, J. M., Cerón, M. C., & Molina, E. (2005) · Enzyme and Microbial Technology · doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.08.031 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Co-cultivation of Chlorella spp and tomato in a hydroponic system
Zhang, J., Wang, X., & Zhou, Q. (2016) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.12.024 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Guzmán-Murillo, M. A., Ascencio, F., & Larrinaga-Mayoral, J. Á. (2012) · PROTOPLASMA · doi:10.1007/s00709-011-0369-z · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Çelekli, A., & Yavuzatmaca, M. (2009) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.042 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
(2009) · Science Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10300 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Sanderson, K. J., Jameson, P. E., & Zabkiewicz, J. A. (1987) · Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1016/s0176-1617(87)80093-7 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Antibacterial activity of freshwater microalgae: A review
Pradhan, J., Sachidananda, D., & Basanta, K. D. (2014) · African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.5897/ajpp2013.0002 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Shalaby, T., & El-Ramady, H. R. (2014) · Australian Journal of Crop Science · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Stirk, W. A., Novák, O., Hradecká, V., Pěnčík, A., Rolc̆ı́k, J., Strnad, M., & Staden, J. V. (2009) · European Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1080/09670260802573717 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Physiological quality” of organically grown vegetables
Orsini, F., Maggio, A., Rouphael, Y., & Pascale, S. D. (2016) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2016.01.033 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Green Microalgae Water Extract as Foliar Feeding to Wheat Plants
Shaaban, M. M. (2001) · Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/pjbs.2001.628.632 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Nutritional Status and Growth of Maize Plants as Affected by Green Microalgae as Soil Additives
Shaaban, M. M. (2001) · Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/jbs.2001.475.479 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Extracellular Abscisic Acid Produced by Cyanobacteria under Salt Stress
Maršálek, B., Zahradníčková, H., & Hronková, M. (1992) · Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1016/s0176-1617(11)80503-1 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Biostimulant applications in low input horticultural cultivation systems
Toscano, S., Romano, D., Massa, D., et al. (2018) · Italus Hortus · doi:10.26353/j.itahort/2018.1.2736 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ronga, D., Gallingani, T., Zaccardelli, M., Perrone, D., Francia, E., Milc, J. A., & Pecchioni, N. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.111 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationDias, G. A., Rocha, R. H. C., Araújo, J. L., et al. (2016) · Semina Ciências Agrárias · doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n6p3893 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ronga, D., Zaccardelli, M., Lovelli, S., Perrone, D., Francia, E., Milc, J. A., Ulrici, A., & Pecchioni, N. (2017) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.05.037 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatment of drainage solution from hydroponic greenhouse production with microalgae
Hultberg, M., Carlsson, A. S., & Gustafsson, S. (2013) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.019 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Detweiler, A. M., Mioni, C. E., Hellier, K. L., Allen, J. J., Carter, S. A., Bebout, B. M., Fleming, E. D., Corrado, C., & Prufert‐Bebout, L. E. (2015) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2015.03.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Micro-algae based plant biostimulant and its effect on water stressed tomato plants.
Oancea, F., Velea, S., Fătu, V., Mincea, C., & Ilie, L. (2013) · Journal of Plant Protection · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial capacity of green microalgae Scenedesmus subspicatus
Dantas, D. M. D. M., Oliveira, C. Y. B., Costa, R. M. P. B., Carneiro‐da‐Cunha, M. G., Gálvez, A. O., & Bezerra, R. D. S. (2019) · Food Science and Technology International · doi:10.1177/1082013218825024 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ronga, D., Lovelli, S., Zaccardelli, M., et al. (2015) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.04.027 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of blue green algae in rice productivity
Paudel, Y. P., & Pradhan, S. (2012) · Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America · doi:10.5251/abjna.2012.3.8.332.335 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Stadler, C., von Tucher, S., Schmidhalter, U., et al. (2006) · Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science · doi:10.1002/jpln.200520579 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Treating urine by Spirulina platensis
Yang, C., Liu, H., Li, M., et al. (2008) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.03.008 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Tarraf, S. A., Talaat, I. M., El-Sayed, A. E.-K. B., & BALBAA, L. K. (1970) · Nusantara Bioscience · doi:10.13057/nusbiosci/n070106 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Prospects of wheat as a dual-purpose crop and its impact on weeds.
Arif, M. S., Khan, M. A., Akbar, H., et al. (2006) · JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Shaaban, M. M., El‐Fouly, M. M., & ., A.-W. A. A. (2004) · Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/pjbs.2004.633.639 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Ronga, D., Rizza, F., Badeck, F., et al. (2017) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.12.033 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of extracellular products ofAulosira fertilissima on the growth of rice seedlings
Singh, V. P., & Trehan, K. B. (1973) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/bf00779027 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ronga, D., Caradonia, F., Setti, L., Hagassou, D., Giaretta Azevedo, C. V., Milc, J., Pedrazzi, S., Allesina, G., Arru, L., & Francia, E. (2019) · Acta Horticulturae · doi:10.17660/actahortic.2019.1233.19 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationAPLICAÇÕES AMBIENTAIS DE MICROALGAS
Schmitz, R., Magro, C. D., & Colla, L. M. (2012) · Revista CIATEC-UPF · doi:10.5335/ciatec.v4i1.2393 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Shaaban, M. M., El-Saady, A. M., El-Khair, A., et al. (2010) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Czerpak, R., Bajguz, A., Piotrowska, A., et al. (2011) · Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae · doi:10.5586/asbp.2003.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Shaaban, M. M., Loehnertz, O., & El‐Fouly, M. M. (2007) · International Journal of Botany · doi:10.3923/ijb.2007.179.187 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Nutritional Status in Shoots of Barley Genotypes as Affected by Salinity of Irrigation Water
Shaaban, M. M., Housein, M. M., & El-Saad, A.-K. M. (2008) · American Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.3923/ajpp.2008.89.95 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Anthocyanins and carotenoids - major pigments of roses
Lachman, J., Orsák, M., Pivec, V., et al. (2001) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Influence of polyamines on growth and metabolism ofDunaliella primolecta
Hourmant, A., MEREAU, N., Penot, M., et al. (1994) · Acta Botanica Neerlandica · doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1994.tb00740.x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Soil and plant nutritional status in fruit orchards in Syria
El‐Fouly, M. M., Shaaban, M. M., & El-Khadraa, T. (2008) · Acta Agronomica Hungarica · doi:10.1556/aagr.56.2008.3.13 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Metting, B.; Zimmerman, W.J.; Crouch, I.J.; van Staden, J. Agronomic uses of seaweed and microalgae. In Introduction to Applied Phycology, 1st ed.; SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague, The Netherlands, 1990; pp. 269-627.
- Elarroussia, H.; Elmernissia, N.; Benhimaa, R.; El Kadmiria, I.M.; Bendaou, N.; Smouni, A.; Wahbya, I. Microalgae polysaccharides a promising plant growth biostimulant. J. Algal Biomass Utln. 2016, 7, 55-63.
- Kawalekar, J.S. Role of biofertilisers and biopesticides for sustainable agriculture. J. Biol. Innov. 2013, 2, 73-78.
- Zhang, X.; Schmidt, R.E. The impact of growth regulators on the α-tocopherol status in water-stressed Poa pratensis. Int. Turfgrass Soc. Res. J. 1997, 8, 1364-2137.
- Kaplan, D.; Richmond, A.E.; Dubinsky, Z.; Aaronson, S. Algal nutrition. In Handbook of Microalgal Mass Culture; Richmond, A., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1986; pp. 147-198.
- Aly, M.S.; Esawy, M.A. Evaluation of Spirulina platensis as bio stimulator for organic farming systems. J. Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. 2008, 6, 1-7.
- Czerpak, R.; Krotke, A.; Mical, A. Comparison of stimulatory effect of auxins and cytokinins on protein, saccharides and chlorophylls content in Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 1999, 46, 71-82.
- Hellal, F.A.; Taalab, A.S.; Safaa, A.M. Influence of nitrogen and boron nutrition on nutrient balance and Sugar beet yield grown in calcareous soil. Ozean J. Appl. Sci. 2009, 2, 1-10. 166.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Microalgae, Soil and Plants: A Critical Review of Microalgae as Renewable Resources for Agriculture
Alvarez, A. L., Weyers, S. L., Goemann, H. M., Peyton, B. M., & Gardner, R. D. (2021) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2021.102200 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Gonçalves, A. L. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11020871 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Al-Jabri, H., Das, P., Khan, S., Thaher, M., & AbdulQuadir, M. (2020) · Water · doi:10.3390/w13010027 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Algae as Bio-fertilizers: Between current situation and future prospective
Ammar, E. E., Aioub, A. A. A., Elesawy, A. E., Karkour, A. M., Mouhamed, M. S., Amer, A. A., & EL-Shershaby, N. A. (2022) · Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.03.020 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Hermetia illucens (L.) larvae as chicken manure management tool for circular economy
Bortolini, S., Macavei, L. I., Saadoun, J. H., Foca, G., Ulrici, A., Bernini, F., Malferrari, D., Setti, L., Ronga, D., & Maistrello, L. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121289 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationSamoraj, M., Çalış, D., Trzaska, K., Mironiuk, M., & Chojnacka, K. (2024) · Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103224 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Toward the Enhancement of Microalgal Metabolite Production through Microalgae–Bacteria Consortia
González-González, L. M., & de-Bashan, L. E. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10040282 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Microalgae as Biostimulants: A New Approach in Agriculture
González-Pérez, B. K., Rivas-Castillo, A. M., Valdez-Calderón, A., & Gayosso-Morales, M. A. (2022) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-021-03192-2 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Ezhumalai, G., Arun, M., Manavalan, A., Rajkumar, R., & Heese, K. (2024) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-024-02376-1 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Haematococcus pluvialis: A Potential Feedstock for Multiple-Product Biorefining
Nishshanka, G. K. S. H., Liyanaarachchi, V. C., Nimarshana, P. H. V., Ariyadasa, T. U., & Chang, J.-S. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131103 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Morillas-España, A., Lafarga, T., Sánchez-Zurano, A., Acién-Fernández, F. G., Rodríguez-Miranda, E., Gómez-Serrano, C., & González-López, C. V. (2021) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2021.102500 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Techno-economic analysis of microalgae related processes for CO2 bio-fixation
Llamas, B., Suárez-Rodríguez, M. C., González-López, C. V., Mora, P., & Acién, F. G. (2021) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2021.102339 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Can microalgae grown in wastewater reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers?
Álvarez-González, A., Uggetti, E., Serrano, L., Gorchs, G., Ferrer, I., & Díez-Montero, R. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116224 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Martini, F., Beghini, G., Zanin, L., Varanini, Z., Zamboni, A., & Ballottari, M. (2021) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2021.102515 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Foliar Spray Application of Chlorella vulgaris Extract: Effect on the Growth of Lettuce Seedlings
La Bella, E., Baglieri, A., Rovetto, E. I., Stevanato, P., & Puglisi, I. (2021) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy11020308 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Occhipinti, P. S., Russo, N., Foti, P., Zingale, I. M., Pino, A., Romeo, F. V., Randazzo, C. L., & Caggia, C. (2024) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.13136 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Refaay, D. A., El-Marzoki, E. M., Abdel-Hamid, M. I., & Haroun, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-021-02584-z · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Bayona-Morcillo, P. J., Plaza, B. M., Gómez-Serrano, C., Rojas, E., & Jiménez-Becker, S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-020-02192-3 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Borella, L., Ortolan, D., Barbera, E., Trivellin, N., & Sforza, E. (2021) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114330 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Amaya-Santos, G., Ruiz-Nieto, Á., Sánchez-Zurano, A., Ciardi, M., Gómez-Serrano, C., Acién, G., & Lafarga, T. (2022) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-022-02843-7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Microalgae in Terms of Biomedical Technology: Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Metabiotics
Oleskin, A. V., & Boyang, C. (2022) · Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology · doi:10.1134/s0003683822060126 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ronga, D., Biazzi, E., Parati, K., Carminati, D., Carminati, E., & Tava, A.
- Affiliations
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (IT)
- Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Ronga, Domenico
- Venue
- Agronomy
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-04-15
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 192
- ISSN
- 2073-4395 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2935790340
- Cited by
- 536
- References
- 157
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 39.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Agronomy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondazione Cariplo (2015/1411)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Growth Enhancement Techniques
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Agriculture, Plant Science, Crop Management
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Agricultural Science and Fertilization
- Keywords
- microalgae, biostimulants, biofertilizers, crop production, plant growth promotion, abiotic stress tolerance, drought tolerance, salt tolerance, seed priming, foliar application, soil fertility, sustainable agriculture, bioactive compounds
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
