The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Life Cycle Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Automotive Applications
Open accessAbstract
In light of the increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the global vehicle market, understanding the environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that characterize the EVs is key to sustainable EV deployment. This study analyzes the cradle-to-gate total energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, SOx, NOx, PM10 emissions, and water consumption associated with current industrial production of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) batteries, with the battery life cycle analysis (LCA) module in the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model, which was recently updated with primary data collected from large-scale commercial battery material producers and automotive LIB manufacturers. The results show that active cathode material, aluminum, and energy use for cell production are the major contributors to the energy and environmental impacts of NMC batteries. However, this study also notes that the impacts could change significantly, depending on where in the world the battery is produced, and where the materials are sourced. In an effort to harmonize existing LCAs of automotive LIBs and guide future research, this study also lays out differences in life cycle inventories (LCIs) for key battery materials among existing LIB LCA studies, and identifies knowledge gaps.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Water use during manufacturing is relatively small at this life cycle stage compared to upstream extractive processes and consumes just 7% of the overall embodied water in a lithium-ion battery”
From Lithium and water: Hydrosocial impacts across the life cycle of energy storage (2024) · cites this paper as Dai et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“One study found that 50.8% of water use in the life cycle of photovoltaics is in the preparedness of the mining powders”
From Lithium and water: Hydrosocial impacts across the life cycle of energy storage (2024) · cites this paper as Dai et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The production CF of a LIB is primarily made up of energy contributions, traced to cathode active material production and cell manufacturing, and material contributions associated with upstream mining/refining of key battery materials (Chordia et al., 2021;Dai et al., 2019;Kallitsis et al., 2020).”
From Think global act local: The dependency of global lithium-ion battery emissions on production location and material sources (2024) · cites this paper as Dai et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“Dai et al. (2019) reported a 72.9 kg CO 2 -eq kWh -1 for an NMC111 battery produced in the United States, falling within the lower whisker values reported for North America in Fig. 5.”
From Think global act local: The dependency of global lithium-ion battery emissions on production location and material sources (2024) · cites this paper as Dai et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“the production of battery materials4–7 and the subsequent LIB cell manufacturing8–10 contribute considerably to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions”
From Carbon footprint distributions of lithium-ion batteries and their materials (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“However, as both materials are known to drive the CF of batteries5,24,34, it was decided to include their emission ranges in the battery CF Monte Carlo simulation based on country-specific secondary literature.”
From Carbon footprint distributions of lithium-ion batteries and their materials (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries
Schmuch, R., Wagner, R., Hörpel, G., Placke, T., & Winter, M. (2018) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0107-2 · Cited by 3,322
The development and future of lithium ion batteries
Blomgren, G. E. (2017) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0251701jes · Cited by 1,940
Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles
Hawkins, T. R., Singh, B., Majeau‐Bettez, G., & Strømman, A. H. (2013) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00532.x · Cited by 1,670
Current status and challenges for automotive battery production technologies
Kwade, A., Haselrieder, W., Leithoff, R., Modlinger, A., Dietrich, F., & Dröder, K. (2018) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0130-3 · Cited by 1,139
Contribution of Li-Ion Batteries to the Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles
Notter, D. A., Gauch, M., Widmer, R., Wäger, P. A., Stamp, A., Zah, R., & Althaus, H. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es903729a · Cited by 902
The environmental impact of Li-Ion batteries and the role of key parameters – A review
Peters, J. F., Baumann, M., Zimmermann, B., Braun, J., & Weil, M. (2017) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.039 · Cited by 856
Prospects for reducing the processing cost of lithium ion batteries
Wood, D. L., Li, J., & Daniel, C. (2014) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.11.019 · Cited by 829
Life Cycle Assessment of Metals: A Scientific Synthesis
Nuss, P., & Eckelman, M. J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101298 · Cited by 777
Life cycle assessment of a lithium-ion battery vehicle pack
Ellingsen, L. A., Majeau‐Bettez, G., Singh, B., Srivastava, A. K., Valøen, L. O., & Strømman, A. H. (2014) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12072 · Cited by 665
Majeau-Bettez, G., Hawkins, T. R., & Strømman, A. H. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es103607c · Cited by 662
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 491
Shekhar, A. R., Parekh, M. H., & Pol, V. G. (2022) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231015 · Cited by 58
Life cycle assessment of a lithium-ion battery with a silicon anode for electric vehicles
Philippot, M. L., Costa, D., Cardellini, G., Sutter, L. D., Smekens, J., Mierlo, J. V., & Messagie, M. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.106635 · Cited by 57
Degen, F., Mitterfellner, M., & Kampker, A. (2024) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.13594 · Cited by 59
Bamana, G., Miller, J. D., Young, S. L., & Dunn, J. B. (2021) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.11.007 · Cited by 53
Life Cycle Assessment on Electric Moped Scooter Sharing
Schelte, N., Severengiz, S., Schünemann, J., Finke, S., Bauer, O., & Metzen, M. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13158297 · Cited by 60
Rapid and Energy‐Efficient Synthesis of Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes
Wu, V. C., Evans, H. A., Giovine, R. A., Preefer, M. B., Ong, J., Yoshida, E., Cabelguen, P., & Clément, R. J. (2023) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202203860 · Cited by 52
Degen, F. (2023) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.13386 · Cited by 57
Understanding Degradation in Single-Crystalline Ni-Rich Li-Ion Battery Cathodes
Ogley, M. J. W., Johnston, B. J., Hall, D. S., & Piper, L. F. J. (2025) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00330 · Cited by 51
Comparative life cycle assessment of Li-Sulphur and Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles
Benveniste, G., Sánchez, A., Rallo, H., Corchero, C., & García, B. A. (2022) · Resources Conservation & Recycling Advances · doi:10.1016/j.rcradv.2022.200086 · Cited by 51
Schreiber, A., Rosen, M., Waetzig, K., Nikolowski, K., Schiffmann, N., Wiggers, H., Küpers, M., Fattakhova‐Rohlfing, D., Kuckshinrichs, W., Guillon, O., et al. (2022) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d2gc03368b · Cited by 53
Gonzales-Calienes, G., Yu, B., & Bensebaa, F. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142215321 · Cited by 50
Vehicle-cycle and life-cycle analysis of medium-duty and heavy-duty trucks in the United States
Iyer, R. K., Kelly, J. C., & Elgowainy, A. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164093 · Cited by 50
Self-citationProspective Life Cycle Assessment of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Stationary Energy Storage
Wickerts, S., Arvidsson, R., Nordelöf, A., Svanström, M., & Johansson, P. (2023) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00141 · Cited by 52
Environmental Impact Assessment in the Entire Life Cycle of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Sankar, T. K., Abhilash, P., & Meshram, P. (2023) · Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s44169-023-00054-w · Cited by 54
Graphite recovery from waste Li-ion battery black mass for direct re-use
Chernyaev, A., Kobets, A. A., Liivand, K., Tesfaye, F., Hannula, P.-M., Kallio, T. M., Hupa, L., & Lundström, M. (2024) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108587 · Cited by 57
Scrucca, F., Presciutti, A., Baldinelli, G., Barberio, G., Postrioti, L., & Karaca, C. (2025) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236703 · Cited by 52
Energy flow analysis of laboratory scale lithium-ion battery cell production
Erakca, M., Baumann, M., Bauer, W., de Biasi, L., Hofmann, J., Bold, B., & Weil, M. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102437 · Cited by 46
A review on the recovery of metal values from spent nickel metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries
Pradhan, S., Nayak, R., & Mishra, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-021-03356-5 · Cited by 47
Mugumya, J. H., Rasche, M. L., Rafferty, R. F., Patel, A., Mallick, S., Mou, M., Bobb, J. A., Gupta, R. B., & Jiang, M. (2022) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c01805 · Cited by 46
Rosenberg, S., Kurz, L., Huster, S., Wehrstein, S., Kiemel, S., Schultmann, F., Reichert, F., Wörner, R., & Glöser‐Chahoud, S. (2023) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107145 · Cited by 54
Life Cycle Assessment of Autonomous Electric Field Tractors in Swedish Agriculture
Lagnelöv, O., Larsson, G., Larsolle, A., & Hansson, P. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132011285 · Cited by 52
A comparative assessment of value chain criticality of lithium-ion battery cells
Manjong, N. B., Bach, V., Usai, L., Marinova, S., Burheim, O. S., Finkbeiner, M., & Strømman, A. H. (2023) · Sustainable materials and technologies · doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00614 · Cited by 48
Analysis of the Existing Barriers for the Market Development of Power to Hydrogen (P2H) in Italy
Saccani, C., Pellegrini, M., & Guzzini, A. (2020) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en13184835 · Cited by 42
Nazari, S., Li, J., Khoshdast, H., Li, J., Ye, C., He, Y., & Hassanzadeh, A. (2023) · Journal of Materials Research and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.03.133 · Cited by 42
Das, J., Kleiman, A., Rehman, A. U., Verma, R., & Young, M. H. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16051910 · Cited by 48
Lima, L. D. S., Cocquyt, L., Mancini, L., Cadena, E., & Dewulf, J. P. (2022) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.13336 · Cited by 45
Gonzales‐Calienes, G., Kannangara, M., & Bensebaa, F. (2023) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries9070375 · Cited by 45
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Battery and Fuel Cell Electric Cars, Trucks, and Buses
Syré, A. M., Shyposha, P., Freisem, L., Pollak, A., & Göhlich, D. (2024) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj15030114 · Cited by 45
Scalable Life-Cycle Inventory for Heavy-Duty Vehicle Production
Wolff, S., Seidenfus, M., Gordon, K., Álvarez, S., Kalt, S., & Lienkamp, M. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12135396 · Cited by 53
Wolff, S., Seidenfus, M., Brönner, M., & Lienkamp, M. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128505 · Cited by 47
Environmental benefits of circular economy approach to use of cobalt
Golroudbary, S. R., Farfan, J., Lohrmann, A., & Krasławski, A. (2022) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102568 · Cited by 39
Miao, Y., Liu, L., Xu, K., & Li, J. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-27035-9 · Cited by 39
Carrère, T., Khalid, U., Baumann, M., Bouzidi, M., & Allard, B. (2024) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.112356 · Cited by 43
von Drachenfels, N., Engels, P., Husmann, J., Cerdas, F., & Herrmann, C. A. (2021) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2020.12.002 · Cited by 39
Kim, H. C., Lee, S., & Wallington, T. J. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c01346 · Cited by 41
Lithium and water: Hydrosocial impacts across the life cycle of energy storage
Blair, J. J. A., Vineyard, N., Mulvaney, D., Cantor, A., Sharbat, A., Berry, K., Bartholomew, E., & Ornelas, A. F. (2024) · WIREs Water · doi:10.1002/wat2.1748 · Cited by 38
“One study found that 50.8% of water use in the life cycle of photovoltaics is in the preparedness of the mining powders (Dai et al., 2019).”
Influentialvon Drachenfels, N., Husmann, J., Khalid, U., Cerdas, F., & Herrmann, C. A. (2022) · Energy Technology · doi:10.1002/ente.202200673 · Cited by 40
Williams, I. D., & Blyth, M. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159987 · Cited by 44
Wang, C., Yang, F.-C., Thi Minh Nhut, V. O., & Nguyễn, V. T. (2023) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries9060317 · Cited by 38
Mora, M. A. M., Pijpers, J. J. H., Antonio, A. C., de la Cruz, J., & Calderón, A. M. A. (2021) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.102339 · Cited by 36
Kurz, L., Faryadras, M., Klugius, I., Reichert, F., Scheibe, A., Schmidt, M., & Wörner, R. (2021) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries7020029 · Cited by 36
Liu, M., Liu, W., Liu, W., Chen, Z., & Cui, Z. (2023) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2023.01.004 · Cited by 36
Salces, A. M., Kelly, N., Streblow, G. J., Temel, E. T., Rudolph, M., Chagnes, A., & Vanderbruggen, A. (2024) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2024.112951 · Cited by 35
Barke, A., Cistjakov, W., Steckermeier, D., Thies, C., Popien, J., Michalowski, P., Melo, S. P., Cerdas, F., Herrmann, C. A., Krewer, U., et al. (2022) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.13345 · Cited by 37
Baars, J., Cerdas, F., & Heidrich, O. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c04080 · Cited by 37
Rueß, R., Ulherr, M. A., Trevisanello, E., Schröder, S., Henß, A., & Janek, J. (2022) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ac8242 · Cited by 34
Maimaiti, S., Gu, Y., Chen, Q.-Q., & Tang, Z.-Y. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139002 · Cited by 28
Manjong, N. B., Usai, L., Orangi, S., Clos, D. P., & Strømman, A. H. (2024) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.113566 · Cited by 31
Bobba, S., Bianco, I., Eynard, U., Carrara, S., Mathieux, F., & Blengini, G. A. (2020) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en13102513 · Cited by 42
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from U.S. Light-Duty Transport in Line with the 2 °C Target
Zhu, Y., Skerlos, S. J., Xu, M., & Cooper, D. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c00816 · Cited by 33
Wortmann, C., Syré, A. M., Grahle, A., & Göhlich, D. (2021) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj12030096 · Cited by 32
Critical and Strategic Raw Materials for Energy Storage Devices
Mahnoor, M., Chandio, R., Inam, A., & Ahad, I. U. (2025) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries11040163 · Cited by 36
Advances in Battery Technologies for Next-Generation Energy Storage Systems
Sebbagh, T., Manfo, T. A., & Şahın, M. E. (2026) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics15030690 · Cited by 34
Xia, X., Li, P., & Yang, C. (2023) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.129315 · Cited by 32
Tarabay, B., Milovanoff, A., Abdul-Manan, A. F. N., McKechnie, J., MacLean, H. L., & Posen, I. D. (2023) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107028 · Cited by 28
Ihlbrock, L., Sehnal, A., Gutsch, M., & Lux, S. F. (2025) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d5ee02287h · Cited by 30
Direct Recycling and Remanufacturing of Anode Scraps
Bai, Y., Li, M., Jafta, C. J., Dai, Q., Essehli, R., Polzin, B. J., & Belharouak, I. (2022) · Sustainable materials and technologies · doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2022.e00542 · Cited by 30
Self-citationLimitations and Characterization of Energy Storage Devices for Harvesting Applications
Fazio, R. D., Cafagna, D., Marcuccio, G., & Visconti, P. (2020) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en13040783 · Cited by 30
Effects of cryogenic freezing upon lithium-ion battery safety and component integrity
Sunderlin, N., Colclasure, A. M., Yang, C., Major, J. J., Fink, K. E., Saxon, A., & Keyser, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.107046 · Cited by 30
Li, H., Tian, Y., Li, Z., Wu, C., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.016 · Cited by 29
Dunn, J., Ritter, K., Velázquez, J. M., & Kendall, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.13414 · Cited by 36
Biochar as a substitute for graphite in microbial electrochemical technologies
Gorrazzi, S. A., Massazza, D. A., Pedetta, A., Silva, L., Prados, M. B., Fouga, G. G., & Bonanni, P. S. (2023) · RSC Sustainability · doi:10.1039/d3su00041a · Cited by 29
Liu, H., & Doménech, T. (2024) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.13607 · Cited by 27
Environmental impact assessment of lithium ion battery employing cradle to grave
Bawankar, S., Dwivedi, G., Nanda, I., Macedo, V. D. J., Kesharvani, S., Meshram, K., Jain, S., Mishra, S., Singh, V. P., & Verma, P. C. (2023) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2023.103530 · Cited by 33
The Carbon Footprint of Electrified City Buses: A Case Study in Trondheim, Norway
Lie, K., Synnevåg, T. A., Lamb, J. J., & Lien, K. M. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14030770 · Cited by 32
Ontology-based Traceability System for Interoperable Data Acquisition in Battery Cell Manufacturing
Wessel, J., Turetskyy, A., Wojahn, O., Abraham, T., & Herrmann, C. A. (2021) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2021.11.204 · Cited by 28
Quality assurance of battery laser welding: A data-driven approach
Stavropoulos, P. G., Bikas, H., Sabatakakis, K., Theoharatos, C., & Grossi, S. (2022) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2022.08.129 · Cited by 28
Environmental impacts of lithium supply chains from Australia to China
Feng, Y., Wang, P., Li, W., Zhang, Q., Chen, W.-Q., & Feng, D. (2024) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ad69ac · Cited by 26
Şen, M., Özcan, M., & Eker, Y. R. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14073077 · Cited by 30
Gianvincenzi, M., Marconi, M., Mosconi, E. M., & Tola, F. (2024) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2024.01.014 · Cited by 26
Ma, R., & Deng, Y. (2022) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-022-02026-z · Cited by 30
Jiang, T., Wang, H., & Jin, Q. (2023) · Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · doi:10.1007/s10098-023-02629-6 · Cited by 30
Ankathi, S. K., Bouchard, J., & He, X. (2024) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj15060245 · Cited by 27
Numerical life cycle assessment of lithium ion battery, Li-NMC type, integrated with PV system
Marashli, A., Al-Kassab, A. I., Gab-Allah, D. M., Shalby, M. M., & Salah, A. A. (2024) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102489 · Cited by 26
Wagner-Wenz, R., Teppala, D. T., Necke, T., Brückner, F., Fabian, A., Horn, D. W., Woth, J., Zimmermann, J., Balke‐Grünewald, B., Weidenkaff, A., et al. (2024) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2024.122476 · Cited by 28
Syré, A. M., & Göhlich, D. (2025) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj16020076 · Cited by 25
Stanchev, P. A., & Hinov, N. L. (2025) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries11100382 · Cited by 35
Risk Assessment of a Battery-Powered High-Speed Ferry Using Formal Safety Assessment
Wang, H., Boulougouris, E. K., Θεοτοκάτος, Γ., Priftis, A., Shi, G., Dahle, M., & Tolo, E. (2020) · Safety · doi:10.3390/safety6030039 · Cited by 25
Wewer, A., Bilge, P., & Dietrich, F. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13105726 · Cited by 25
Comprehensive analysis of lithium-ion cells and their aging trajectory toward nonlinear aging
Stadler, J., Groch, T. K., García, M. Á., Storch, M., Fath, J. P., Ecker, M., & Latz, A. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.107247 · Cited by 25
Long-Term Self-Discharge Measurements and Modelling for Various Cell Types and Cell Potentials
Azzam, M., Ehrensberger, M., Scheuer, R., Endisch, C., & Lewerenz, M. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16093889 · Cited by 25
Husmann, J., Ali, A.-R., Cerdas, F., & Herrmann, C. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Sustainability · doi:10.3389/frsus.2023.1163207 · Cited by 26
Meta-analysis of life cycle assessments for Li-ion batteries production emissions
Clemente, M., Maharjan, P., Salazar, M., & Hofman, T. (2025) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-025-02541-9 · Cited by 27
da Costa, V. B. F., Capaz, R. S., & Bonatto, B. D. (2023) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113266 · Cited by 26
Ferrer‐Nicomedes, S., Mormeneo‐Segarra, A., Vicente, N., & Barba, A. (2023) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233494 · Cited by 24
Johnson, R. C., & Mayfield, M. (2020) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115666 · Cited by 26
Sánchez, A., Benveniste, G., Ferreira, V. J., Bulfaro, I., Igualada, L., & Corchero, C. (2024) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-024-02329-3 · Cited by 29
Charging Strategies to Minimize Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Electrified Delivery Vehicles
Woody, M., Vaishnav, P., Craig, M., Lewis, G. M., & Keoleian, G. A. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c03483 · Cited by 23
Tao, F., Kishita, Y., Scheller, C., Blömeke, S., & Umeda, Y. (2022) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2022.02.122 · Cited by 24
External costs of battery-electric and fuel cell electric vehicles for heavy-duty applications
Kemperdick, T., & Letmathe, P. (2024) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2024.104198 · Cited by 22
Zhu, L., & He, J. (2026) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2026.109919 · Cited by 22
Regional Emissions Analysis of Light-Duty Battery Electric Vehicles
Burnham, A., Lü, Z., Wang, M., & Elgowainy, A. (2021) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos12111482 · Cited by 22
Self-citationUsman, M. T., Jonas, D., & Frey, G. (2022) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112397 · Cited by 22
Chien, Y.-H., Hsieh, I.-Y. L., & Chang, T.-H. (2023) · Energy Strategy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.esr.2023.101056 · Cited by 23
Study on the Life Cycle Assessment of Automotive Power Batteries Considering Multi-Cycle Utilization
Liu, Y., Zhang, C., Hao, Z., Cai, X., Liu, C., Zhang, J., Wang, S., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16196859 · Cited by 24
Bruchon, M., Chen, Z. L., & Michalek, J. J. (2024) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c07098 · Cited by 23
Modelling and optimization of energy consumption in the activated sludge biological aeration unit
Muloiwa, M., Dinka, M. O., & Nyende‐Byakika, S. (2022) · Water Practice & Technology · doi:10.2166/wpt.2022.154 · Cited by 21
LCA for lithium battery recycling technology-recent progress
Li, J., Zhou, J., Wang, W., Chen, M., Zheng, W., Yang, W. B., Zou, H., & Chen, S. (2024) · Ionics · doi:10.1007/s11581-024-05640-z · Cited by 21
Energy consumption of lithium-ion pouch cell manufacturing plants
Knehr, K. W., Kubal, J., Yoon, S., Jeon, H., Roh, W. J., & Ahmed, S. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143050 · Cited by 22
Electric cars – Assessment of ‘green’ nature vis-à-vis conventional fuel driven cars
Vitta, S. (2021) · Sustainable materials and technologies · doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00339 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Dai, Q., Kelly, J. C., Gaines, L., & Wang, M.
- Affiliations
- Argonne National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dai, Qiang
- Venue
- Batteries
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-06-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 48
- ISSN
- 2313-0105 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2947177723
- Cited by
- 491
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 18.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Batteries (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Keywords
- lithium-ion batteries, electric vehicles, NCM cathode, life cycle assessment, cradle-to-gate emissions, energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, air pollutant emissions, water consumption, battery cell manufacturing, aluminum, GREET model
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
