The Complex Relationship between Sleep and Cognitive Reserve: A Narrative Review Based on Human Studies
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Sleep and brain/cognitive/neural reserve significantly impact well-being and cognition throughout life. This review aims to explore the intricate relationship between such factors, with reference to their effects on human cognitive functions. The specific goal is to understand the bidirectional influence that sleep and reserve exert on each other. Up to 6 February 2024, a methodical search of the literature was conducted using the PubMed database with terms related to brain, cognitive or neural reserve, and healthy or disturbed sleep. Based on the inclusion criteria, 11 articles were selected and analyzed for this review. The articles focus almost exclusively on cognitive reserve, with no explicit connection between sleep and brain or neural reserve. The results evidence sleep’s role as a builder of cognitive reserve and cognitive reserve’s role as a moderator in the effects of physiological and pathological sleep on cognitive functions. In conclusion, the findings of the present review support the notion that both sleep and cognitive reserve are critical factors in cognitive functioning. Deepening comprehension of the interactions between them is essential for devising strategies to enhance brain health and resilience against age- and pathology-related conditions.
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There is much evidence that lifestyle intervention and adoption of healthy lifestyles promotes cognitive health and staves off cognitive decline.
“There is much evidence that lifestyle intervention and adoption of healthy lifestyles promotes cognitive health and staves off cognitive decline [85–92]”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [86]
The Conclusions (section 5; page unavailable) identify sleep as a modifiable lifestyle factor and say that addressing sleep and cognitive reserve has potential to delay cognitive decline. The review supports the cognitive-health point for sleep and cognitive reserve, but it does not establish that lifestyle interventions and healthy lifestyles generally stave off decline; it describes sleep intervention as promising rather than proven. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Gaggi, N. L., Parincu, Z., Peterson, A., O’Brien, C., Kam, K., Tural, Ü., Ayappa, I. A., Varga, A. W., Iosifescu, D. V., & Osorio, R. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1542462 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Balsamo, F., Meneo, D., Berretta, E., Baglioni, C., & Gelfo, F. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106015 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationДемарева, В. (2024) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology13100794 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Elsharkawy, A. M., Hassanein, F., Abouelkheir, S. S., Masoud, I. M., Felefel, W., & Darwish, I. E. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324191 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effects of sleep deprivation on functional connectivity of olfactory related brain regions
Han, Q., Zhang, P., Wen, K., Yang, J., Zhang, Y., Cao, Q., Zhang, T., Liu, F., Weng, X., & Xu, F. (2025) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-025-10299-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nan, J., Purpura, S., Jaiswal, S., Afshar, H., Maric, V., Manchanda, J. K., Taylor, C. T., Ramanathan, D., & Mishra, J. (2026) · NPP—Digital Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s44277-026-00062-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Luszawski, C. A., Minich, N. M., Taylor, H. G., Bigler, E. D., Bacevice, A. M., Bangert, B. A., Cohen, D. M., Zumberge, N. A., & Yeates, K. O. (2025) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617725101458 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lanza, G., Mogavero, M. P., & Ferri, R. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae311
Myers, M., & Pugh, M. J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87228-0_10
Lotlikar, M. S., Ayotte, B., Choi, A., Seo, F., Robertson, E. M., Maso, F. D., & Roig, M. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2528246123
Brain Changes: Non-Pharmacological Interventions to Improve Sleep Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Snowden, T. M., Greene, V., Misketis, C., Morrison, J., Skaug, E., Michaud, N., Gargaro, J., Galati, M., & Christie, B. R. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1615/critrevphysrehabilmed.2025060738
Chu, T., Hsieh, Y.-T., Chiou, J., Liu, Y.-L., Chen, Y., & Chen, J. (2026) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-026-02159-1
Ede, B., Ateş, S., Kaman, T., & ŞAKUL, A. A. (2026) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glag105
The impact of sleep on memory consolidation
Alves, T. H., & Rosler, J. R. (2025) · International Journal of Neurology · doi:10.62486/ijn2025106
Sleep disturbance and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: Clinical and imaging correlates
Sarhan, N. T., ELmotayam, A., AbdelHamid, G. A., Fawzy, H. M., Abdallah, A. A.-J., & Fathy, S. E. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2026.112145
Sleep and memory consolidation: Neural and cognitive perspectives
Yasser, E., Ayache, L., Khayat, H. E., Qatanany, B., Sharafkhaneh, A., Rao, K. S. J., & Nami, M. (2026) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2026.07.001
Hachmeriyan, A., Panayotova, G. G., Anand, A., Reji, N., & Grudeva, L. (2026) · Journal of dementia and Alzheimer's disease · doi:10.3390/jdad3040047
- Authors
- Balsamo, F., Berretta, E., Meneo, D., Baglioni, C., & Gelfo, F.
- Affiliations
- Marconi University (IT)
- Fondazione Santa Lucia (IT)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Gelfo, Francesca
- Venue
- Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-06-27
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 654
- ISSN
- 2076-3425 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11274941
- OpenAlex
- W4400080390
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 1.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- sleep, cognitive reserve, neural reserve, brain reserve, cognitive function, sleep disorders, brain health, cognitive resilience, aging, neurodegenerative diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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