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Cited by 21Wound Healing and TreatmentsProtein Hydrolysis and Bioactive PeptidesSeaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds

First Report on Microbial-Derived Polydeoxyribonucleotide: A Sustainable and Enhanced Alternative to Salmon-Based Polydeoxyribonucleotide

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Chae, Doobyeong, Oh, Sae-Woong, Choi, Yoon-Seo, Kang, Dae-Jung, Park, Chun-Woong, Lee, Jongsung, Seo, Won-Sang·2025·Current Issues in Molecular Biology
DOI 10.3390/cimb47010041PMC PMC11763902
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Abstract

Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) has emerged as a potent bioactive compound with proven efficacy in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and anti-inflammatory applications and is predominantly derived from salmonid gonads. However, this study presents a groundbreaking advancement by successfully extracting and characterizing PDRN from microbial sources, specifically Lactobacillus rhamnosus, marking the first report to utilize microbial-, biome-, or Lactobacillus-derived PDRN (L-PDRN). The findings demonstrate the enhanced biological properties of L-PDRN over traditional salmon-derived PDRN across several assays. L-PDRN exhibited superior antioxidant activity, with significantly higher SOD-like and DPPH radical scavenging activities compared to PDRN, particularly at higher concentrations. In wound-healing assays, L-PDRN demonstrated superior efficacy in promoting cell migration and wound closure, even under inflammatory conditions induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Additionally, L-PDRN demonstrated the potential for enhanced immunostimulatory effects under non-inflammatory conditions while maintaining anti-inflammatory properties under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that L-PDRN consists of smaller DNA fragments (under 100 bp) compared to salmon-derived PDRN (200–800 bp), suggesting greater bioavailability and skin absorption. Mechanistic studies confirmed that L-PDRN activates the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway through the A2A receptor, similar to PDRN, while also engaging alternative pathways for p38 and ERK phosphorylation, highlighting its signaling versatility. This study underscores the potential of L-PDRN as a multifunctional and sustainable alternative to salmon-derived PDRN, offering enhanced bioactivity, scalability, and environmental benefits. The novel approach of utilizing microbial-derived PDRN opens new avenues for therapeutic applications in oxidative stress management, tissue regeneration, and immune modulation, paving the way for a paradigm shift in PDRN sourcing and functionality.

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  • PDRN exhibited antioxidant activity in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

    “Additionally, PDRN exhibited antioxidant activity in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells [135].”

    From Comparison of Polynucleotide and Polydeoxyribonucleotide in Dermatology: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [135]

    Results §§3.2–3.3 report antioxidant activity for PDRN in SOD-like and DPPH assays. Methods §2.8 and Results §3.6 describe a separate experiment in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, where PDRN reduced nitric oxide production; they characterize that result as potentially anti-inflammatory, not as antioxidant activity in those cells. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Although PN and PDRN have been extensively investigated, few studies have explored alternative sources, such as plant-, microbe-, and seaweed-derived nucleotides, underscoring a substantial gap in comprehensive characterization.

    “Although PN and PDRN have been extensively investigated, few studies explored alternative sources, such as plant-, microbe-, and seaweed-derived nucleotides, underscoring a substantial gap in comprehensive characterization [11,134,135,179,180,181].”

    From Comparison of Polynucleotide and Polydeoxyribonucleotide in Dermatology: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [135]

    The Introduction describes PDRN as predominantly salmon-derived and says research on microbial-derived PDRN is lacking. It also identifies studies of plant- and seaweed-derived PDRN, but does not establish that few studies have explored alternative sources overall or a general gap in their comprehensive characterization; it does not discuss PN separately. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • PDRNs are increasingly incorporated into cosmetic products for topical use and are registered as sodium DNA or hydrolyzed DNA.

    “Furthermore, PDRNs are also increasingly being incorporated into cosmetic products for topical use and are registered as sodium DNA or hydrolyzed DNA [135,175].”

    From Comparison of Polynucleotide and Polydeoxyribonucleotide in Dermatology: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [135]

    Section 2.4 states that INCI designates PDRN and L-PDRN as sodium DNA or hydrolyzed DNA. The Discussion identifies topical cosmetics as a potential application, but the paper does not establish that PDRNs are increasingly being incorporated into cosmetic products. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Chae, D., Oh, S.-W., Choi, Y.-S., Kang, D.-J., Park, C.-W., Lee, J., & Seo, W.-S.
Affiliations
  • Chungbuk National University (KR)
  • Sungkyunkwan University (KR)
  • MNH Bio Co., Ltd., Hwaseong 18469, Republic of Korea
  • COSLINK, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05819, Republic of Korea
Corresponding author
  • Lee, Jongsung
  • Seo, Won-Sang
ORCID
Venue
Current Issues in Molecular Biology
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-01-09
Volume
47
Issue
1
Pages
41
ISSN
  • 1467-3037 (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-3045
DOI
10.3390/cimb47010041
PMC
PMC11763902
OpenAlex
W4406199761
Cited by
21
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 10
FWCI
7.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Current Issues in Molecular Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
Keywords
polydeoxyribonucleotide, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, wound healing, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, immune enhancement, cell migration, focal adhesion kinase, Akt signaling, adenosine A2A receptor, p38 MAPK, ERK signaling, DNA fragment size, percutaneous absorption, sustainable biomaterials

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