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The Global Prevalence of Anxiety Among Medical Students: A Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Anxiety, although as common and arguably as debilitating as depression, has garnered less attention, and is often undetected and undertreated in the general population. Similarly, anxiety among medical students warrants greater attention due to its significant implications. We aimed to study the global prevalence of anxiety among medical students and the associated factors predisposing medical students to anxiety. In February 2019, we carried out a systematic search for cross-sectional studies that examined the prevalence of anxiety among medical students. We computed the aggregate prevalence and pooled odds ratio (OR) using the random-effects model and used meta-regression analyses to explore the sources of heterogeneity. We pooled and analyzed data from sixty-nine studies comprising 40,348 medical students. The global prevalence rate of anxiety among medical students was 33.8% (95% Confidence Interval: 29.2–38.7%). Anxiety was most prevalent among medical students from the Middle East and Asia. Subgroup analyses by gender and year of study found no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of anxiety. About one in three medical students globally have anxiety—a prevalence rate which is substantially higher than the general population. Administrators and leaders of medical schools should take the lead in destigmatizing mental illnesses and promoting help-seeking behaviors when students are stressed and anxious. Further research is needed to identify risk factors of anxiety unique to medical students.
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“a meta-analysis revealed that approximately 1 in 3 medical students worldwide experiences anxiety, a rate significantly exceeding that of the general population [5].”
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“%) than male students (27.6%, 95% CI: 19.3-37.8%), but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.16) (Quek et al., 2019).”
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BackgroundSELF-REGULATED LEARNING AND ACADEMIC STRESS IN MEDICAL SCHOOL: ARE THEY RELATED?
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“Aggregated data from 18 studies shows that 35.2% of medical students in Asia experience anxiety [2].”
MethodInfluentialASSOCIATION OF PROBLEM USE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS WITH MOOD DISORDERS IN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Yaskevich, R. A., & Moskalenko, O. L. (2023) · Russian Journal of Education and Psychology · doi:10.12731/2658-4034-2023-14-6-400-421 · Cited by 1
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Pereira, M. B., Casagrande, A. V., Almeida, B. C., Neves, B. A., da Silva, T. C. R. P., Miskulin, F. P. C., Perissotto, T., Ribeiz, S. R. I., & Nunes, P. V. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3761828 · Cited by 1
Alolabi, H., Alchallah, M. O., Mohsen, F., Marrawi, M., & Alourfi, Z. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-559421/v1 · Cited by 1
Sadeghi, M., Wasti, F., & Zahra, S. A. (2024) · Advances in Medical Education and Practice · doi:10.2147/amep.s455683 · Cited by 1
Malik, A., Bashir, M., Lodhi, F. S., Jadoon, Z. G., Tauqir, A., & Khan, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Islamic International Medical College · doi:10.57234/jiimc.june24.1752 · Cited by 1
Al-Haddad, K., Raja’a, Y. A., Al-Nuzaili, A., Al-Hakimi, A., Zayed, A., Al-Yosefi, M., Al-Madhfari, R., Khaled, A., Raja’a, A. Y., Al-Garbani, G. A., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4857016/v1 · Cited by 1
Familial and Parental Relationships Can Ease Anxiety Among Academics in the United StatesPreprint
Andy, A., Tonge, N., Michaels, P.-E., & Holz, M. K. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.04.30.25326730 · Cited by 1
Illán-Cortadelles, C., Ramírez-Saco, D., Serrano-Sarbosa, D., & Garre‐Olmo, J. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7983625/v1 · Cited by 1
Kang, H., Lee, S.-J., Kim, B., Lee, C.-S., Cha, B., Lee, D., Seo, J.-Y., Choi, J.-W., Lee, J.-H., Lee, Y.-J., et al. (2020) · Chronobiology in Medicine · doi:10.33069/cim.2020.0014
Durreshahwar, H., & Ramesh, N. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2020.09.019
Liang, H., Zhang, X., Liu, W., Gao, J., Wang, L., Chen, J., Shen, C., Yan, N., & Ma, Y. (2020) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/23741
Fatores associados à qualidade de vida dos estudantes de Medicina
Miguel, A. D. Q. C. (2020) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2020.tde-18012021-123048 · Cited by 1
Prevalence of Anxiety Symptoms in Medical Students in Inner State of São Paulo, Southeast Brazil
Loffredo, L. D. C. M., Júnior, R. T., Diniz, J., de Souza, G. O., Barros, G. B., Miani, L. C. L., & Manzi, T. E. (2021) · Global Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.34257/gjmrkvol21is3pg1
“A meta-analysis research involving 40,348 medical students found a non-significant association between anxiety and gender.(5)”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWellness Constraints Among International University Students Transitioning Through Covid 19
Dorasamy, N. (2021) · Psychology and Education Journal · doi:10.17762/pae.v58i3.4514
“Use of technology The suspension of university activities and move to an online setting, has confounded prevailing pressure among university students throughout the world (Tian-Ci Quek et al., 2019).”
BackgroundKava, G. C., CORDEIRO, T., Floriano, L. S. M., Durán, N., Arcaro, G., & MARINHO, R. O. M. (2020) · Publicatio UEPG Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude · doi:10.5212/publ.biologicas.v.26.i2.0004
COVID-19: Psychosocial Impact on Medical Students. Comparison of Summer-Winter Results
García-Espinosa, P. G., Ortiz-Jiménez, X. A., Botello-Hernández, E., Samaniego, R. A., Leija-Herrera, J., GECEN Investigators, & Góngora‐Rivera, F. (2021) · Acta Scientific Neurology · doi:10.31080/asne.2021.04.0370
Stress and Resilience among Medical Students during Pandemic
Manohar, S., Raman, R., & Annigeri, B. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.99001
Ray, S., & Pal, A. K. (2021) · GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS · doi:10.36106/gjra/8305247
Bezerra, Y. M., Pereira, I. D. S., Sarubbi, R. D., Viana, A. B., & Quidute, A. R. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica · doi:10.1590/1981-5271v45.3-20210026
SINDROME DE BURNOUT EN PERSONAL DE ENFERMERIA DE UN HOSPITAL RECONVERTIDO A COVID-19
Juárez, C. L., González, S. H., & Chávez, S. M. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.70321221124
Fatima, I., Nadeem, M., Naeem, M. W., & Raza, H. M. Z. (2021) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.2.0600
“College students have many complex problems, like tough competition, new and hectic journey of studies, change in social life, pressure from parents to get excellent grades, feeling inferior by comparison with others, time pressure, fear of failure, greater academic demands and fear of parents that they would not acce…”
BackgroundSuryanov, I. P. D., Ganesha, I. G. H., & Purnamasidhi, . A. W. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i1.24804
Professional Help-Seeking Attitudes of Counselors-In-Training
CİVAN, K., & Avcı, Ö. H. (2021) · Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi · doi:10.17066/tpdrd.1051398
“Recent meta-analyses estimate a 34% prevalence for anxiety and 27% for depressive symptoms among college students worldwide (Quek, Tam, Tran, Zhang, Ho & Ho, 2019; Rotenstein, Ramos, Torre, Segal, Peluso, Guille, Sen, & Mata, 2016; Lei, Xiao, Liu, & Li, 2016).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Tian-Ci Quek, T., Wai-San Tam, W., X. Tran, B., Zhang, M., Zhang, Z., Su-Hui Ho, C., & Chun-Man Ho, R.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119007, Singapore
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119007, Singapore
- Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Huaibei Normal University (CN)
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119007, Singapore
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Zhisong
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-07-31
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 2735
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6696211
- OpenAlex
- W2965255255
- Cited by
- 990
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 141 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 165 · 2022: 174 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 16.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- This study received funding from the National Social Science Fund (General Project of Education) (BBA170063)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- anxiety, medical students, prevalence, risk factors, mental health, medical education, help-seeking, stigma, gender differences, year of study
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Humans, Risk Factors, Students, Medical, Global Health, Models, Statistical, Prevalence, Odds Ratio
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