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The State of Artificial Intelligence in Nursing Education: Past, Present, and Future Directions
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As health care continues to evolve and become increasingly complex, nursing education must also evolve to keep pace with the changing landscape [...].
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“AI systems, defined as software capable of supporting logical and informed judgments [9], have evolved from early computer-assisted learning and simulation platforms to adaptive learning environments, virtual tutors and generative large language models (LLMs) [10,11].”
From Artificial Intelligence–Enabled Educational Tools and Clinical Reasoning in Undergraduate Nursing Education: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
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“The educational intervention was guided by Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning, which describes a hierarchy of cognitive domains associated with learning.28”
From Increasing Generative Artificial Intelligence Competency among Students Enrolled in Doctoral Nursing Research Coursework (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Investing in AI-based tools and techniques can yield long-term benefits for nursing education, such as improved learning outcomes, enhanced efficiency, increased effectiveness of teaching practices [5].”
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The integration of AI in nursing: addressing current applications, challenges, and future directions
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“Additionally, the financial burden of implementing and maintaining AI technologies may divert funds away from other essential components of nursing education (De Gagne, 2023).”
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Artificial Intelligence in Nursing: New Opportunities and Challenges
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Tool or Tyrant: Guiding and Guarding Generative Artificial Intelligence Use in Nursing Education
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“…the development of critical thinking and clinical judgment in safe practice environments, and preparation for realistic health-care situations and National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) testing (De Gagne, 2023; Robert, 2024; Sallam, 2023; Sun & Hoelscher, 2023).”
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“Nursing is deeply rooted in human connections, empathy, and interpersonal skills, all of which are fundamental to providing quality patient care and cannot be fully replicated by AI technology (De Gagne, 2023b).”
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“Artificial intelligence (AI) has garnered significant attention in the fields of education and health care as an innovation with the potential to revolutionize learning experiences and enhance patient outcomes [1].”
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Using Generative AI in nursing education: Students’ perceptions
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“간호 교육 과정에 AI를 활용하기 위해서는 일반적으로 기술뿐 만 아니라 인프라에 대한 투자가 요구되어 상당한 비용의 지출 이 예견된다[23].”
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Unravelling the Evolution of Generative AI in Communication Education
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Artificial intelligence literacy and related factors among nursing undergraduates in Northeast China
Chen, D., Zhang, X., Zhang, S., Pan, Y., Zhu, C., & Wang, L. (2026) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-026-04526-x · Cited by 4
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The Usability of Neurological Occupational Therapy Case Studies Generated by ChatGPT
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“However, concerns over patient rights and safety, coupled with resource constraints, have limited students’ exposure to diverse clinical experiences [5].”
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Jelloul, H., Arhouh, S., Rmili, M., & Nafidi, Y. (2026) · Journal of Pioneering Medical Sciences · doi:10.47310/jpms2026150226 · Cited by 3
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“Ample studies have identified funding limitations as a primary barrier to AI adoption (Archibald & Clark, 2023; (Chu et al., 2025); De Gagne, 2023a; (Rony et al., 2025); Rony, Das et al., 2025; Scerri & Morin, 2023).”
Metadata
- Authors
- De Gagne, J. C.
- Affiliations
- School of Nursing, Duke University, 307 Trent Drive, DUMC 3322, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- ORCID
- De Gagne, Jennie C.
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-03-10
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 4884
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10049425
- OpenAlex
- W4323846876
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Innovations in Medical Education
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence, nursing education, educational technology, future of nursing education
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Intelligence, Delivery of Health Care, Education, Nursing
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