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Cited by 637Antimicrobial agents and applicationsAntimicrobial Peptides and ActivitiesLipid Membrane Structure and Behavior

Antibacterial free fatty acids and monoglycerides: biological activities, experimental testing, and therapeutic applications.

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Yoon, Bo, Jackman, Joshua, Valle-González, Elba, Cho, Nam-Joon·2018·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms19041114PMC PMC5979495
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Abstract

Antimicrobial lipids such as fatty acids and monoglycerides are promising antibacterial agents that destabilize bacterial cell membranes, causing a wide range of direct and indirect inhibitory effects. The goal of this review is to introduce the latest experimental approaches for characterizing how antimicrobial lipids destabilize phospholipid membranes within the broader scope of introducing current knowledge about the biological activities of antimicrobial lipids, testing strategies, and applications for treating bacterial infections. To this end, a general background on antimicrobial lipids, including structural classification, is provided along with a detailed description of their targeting spectrum and currently understood antibacterial mechanisms. Building on this knowledge, different experimental approaches to characterize antimicrobial lipids are presented, including cell-based biological and model membrane-based biophysical measurement techniques. Particular emphasis is placed on drawing out how biological and biophysical approaches complement one another and can yield mechanistic insights into how the physicochemical properties of antimicrobial lipids influence molecular self-assembly and concentration-dependent interactions with model phospholipid and bacterial cell membranes. Examples of possible therapeutic applications are briefly introduced to highlight the potential significance of antimicrobial lipids for human health and medicine, and to motivate the importance of employing orthogonal measurement strategies to characterize the activity profile of antimicrobial lipids.

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  • Medium-chain fatty acids and their monoglycerides have broad-spectrum microbicidal activity against a wide range of pathogens in vitro and in vivo, including multidrug-resistant bacteria, enveloped viruses, algae, fungi, and protozoa.

    “Of these, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and their monoglycerides have a broad spectrum of microbicidal activity against a wide range of pathogens both in vitro and in vivo, including multidrug-resistant bacteria, enveloped viruses, algae, fungi, and protozoa (Bergsson et al., 2001; Hilmarsson et al., 2007; Yoon et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2019; Heriyati et al., 2020; Welch et al., 2020).”

    From Insect Derived Lauric Acid as Promising Alternative Strategy to Antibiotics in the Antimicrobial Resistance Scenario (2021) · cites this paper as Yoon et al., 2018

    Section 2.2 (page unavailable) reports broad-spectrum activity of antimicrobial lipids against algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, and identifies activity against MRSA. Section 4.2 (page unavailable) also describes in vitro and in vivo activity of capric acid against a bacterial skin infection. The copy does not establish that medium-chain fatty acids and their monoglycerides are microbicidal against every listed pathogen group both in vitro and in vivo; the broad-spectrum statement concerns antimicrobial lipids generally and says ‘inhibitory’ rather than uniformly microbicidal activity. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Medium-chain fatty acids can directly inhibit membrane enzymes such as glucosyltransferase and target other membrane-associated proteins.

    “Furthermore, MCFAs can directly inhibit membrane enzymes such as glucosyltransferase and also target other membrane-associated proteins (Yoon et al., 2018).”

    From Insect Derived Lauric Acid as Promising Alternative Strategy to Antibiotics in the Antimicrobial Resistance Scenario (2021) · cites this paper as Yoon et al., 2018

    Section 2.3 says fatty acids can inhibit glucosyltransferase and target other membrane-associated proteins. But §2.3.3 attributes glucosyltransferase inhibition particularly to unsaturated fatty acids and says saturated fatty acids have an almost negligible effect. The cited passages therefore do not establish that medium-chain fatty acids, as a class, directly inhibit that enzyme. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Medium-chain fatty acids disrupt the bacterial electron transport chain by binding to electron carriers or interfering with oxidative phosphorylation.

    “In addition, MCFAs disrupt the electron transport chain either by binding to electron carriers or interfering with oxidative phosphorylation, which are vital processes for energy production in bacterial cells.”

    From Insect Derived Lauric Acid as Promising Alternative Strategy to Antibiotics in the Antimicrobial Resistance Scenario (2021) · cites this paper as Yoon et al., 2018

    Section 2.3 says fatty acids have the potential to disrupt bacterial electron transport by binding to electron carriers and to interfere with oxidative phosphorylation, both of which are important for energy production. It does not establish these mechanisms specifically for medium-chain fatty acids, and the claim states them more definitively than the source does. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Medium-chain fatty acids exhibit antimicrobial activity through membrane-lytic behavior causing increased cell permeability and cell lysis.

    “Due to their amphipathic properties, MCFAs exhibit an antimicrobial activity through a membrane-lytic behavior causing increased cell permeability and cell lysis.”

    From Insect Derived Lauric Acid as Promising Alternative Strategy to Antibiotics in the Antimicrobial Resistance Scenario (2021) · cites this paper as Yoon et al., 2018

  • Esterification of a fatty acid to its corresponding monoglyceride derivative enhances the antibacterial effect.

    “Overall, the esterification of a fatty acid to its corresponding monoglyceride derivative enhances the antibacterial effect (Yoon et al., 2018).”

    From Insect Derived Lauric Acid as Promising Alternative Strategy to Antibiotics in the Antimicrobial Resistance Scenario (2021) · cites this paper as Yoon et al., 2018

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Yoon, B., Jackman, J., Valle-González, E., & Cho, N.-J.
Affiliations
  • Nanyang Technological University (SG)
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore
Corresponding author
Cho, Nam-Joon
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2018-04-08
Volume
19
Issue
4
Pages
1114
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijms19041114
PMC
PMC5979495
OpenAlex
W2796092742
Cited by
637
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 74 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 6
FWCI
3.06
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • National Research Foundation (NRF2015NRF-POC0001-19)
  • A*STAR-NTU-NHG (SRG/14028)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
Keywords
antimicrobial lipids, free fatty acids, monoglycerides, antibacterial mechanism, membrane perturbation, phospholipid membranes, bacterial membranes, model membranes, lipid self-assembly, bacterial infection, therapeutic applications
MeSH terms
Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Gastritis, Humans, Skin Diseases, Infectious, Monoglycerides

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