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Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection
Open accessAbstract
Candida albicans is a common commensal fungus that colonizes the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal and vaginal tract, and healthy individuals’ skin. In 50% of the population, C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the microbiota. The various clinical manifestations of Candida species range from localized, superficial mucocutaneous disorders to invasive diseases that involve multiple organ systems and are life-threatening. From systemic and local to hereditary and environmental, diverse factors lead to disturbances in Candida’s normal homeostasis, resulting in a transition from normal flora to pathogenic and opportunistic infections. The transition in the pathophysiology of the onset and progression of infection is also influenced by Candida’s virulence traits that lead to the development of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis has a wide range of clinical manifestations, divided into primary and secondary candidiasis. The main supply of C. albicans in the body is located in the gastrointestinal tract, and the development of infections occurs due to dysbiosis of the residential microbiota, immune dysfunction, and damage to the muco-intestinal barrier. The presence of C. albicans in the blood is associated with candidemia–invasive Candida infections. The commensal relationship exists as long as there is a balance between the host immune system and the virulence factors of C. albicans. This paper presents the virulence traits of Candida albicans and clinical manifestations of specific candidiasis.
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“The infection advance of C. albicans to the host is determined by the joint action of growth ability and virulence factors [56], but not all factors play an equally important role in the pathogenic process.”
From The F 1 F o -ATP synthase α subunit of Candida albicans induces inflammatory responses by controlling amino acid catabolism (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
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“It is also implicated in numerous healthcare-associated bloodstream infections, thrush, chronic atrophic stomatitis, mucocutaneous candidiasis, and vulvovaginitis [14–16], accounting for approximately 70% of fungal infections worldwide [9, 17].”
Histatin–Photodynamic Therapy for Polyene-Resistant Biofilms in a 3D Model
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“Its ability to form hyphae, penetrate mucosa, and persist in biofilms makes it the most clinically relevant fungal species in this context (Talapko et al 2021).”
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Exploring the intersection of fungal products and human immunology
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“These hydrolytic enzymes participate in fungal pathogenic mechanisms by facilitating pathogen invasion and evading host immune responses [23].”
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Antimycotic Potential of Fig Fruit Extract Against Candida albicans
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Synthesis of Novel Fluorinated Febrifugine Analogs and Evaluation of Their Antifungal Activity
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“The transition from yeast to hyphal form is a transition to the pathogenic form (29).”
Vaginal Microbiota Dynamics as a Key Determinant of Pathogenesis in Fungal Vulvovaginitis
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“C. albicans is a diploid fungus of the family Saccha-romycetaceae, within the phylum Ascomycota, characterized by high genome plasticity and a yeast-to-hypha transition that facilitates tissue invasion [43–46].”
Yolanda, T.-F., Gaytán-Hernández, D., Rodríguez, O. P., Coronado-Ruis, C. D., Gutiérrez-Enríquez, S. O., & Gaytán-Jiménez, E. (2026) · Women · doi:10.3390/women6010018
“It is still debated whether this yeast infection is merely a consequence of the cancer or if it actively contributes to its development [45].”
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“Adhesion is one of the main virulence factors of C. albicans and one of the initiators of infectious foci [29].”
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“[41] It has been found that Ch nanoparticles bind more closely to the C. albicans cell than Ch.”
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Disseminated Papulopustular Candidiasis in an Immunocompetent adult: A case report
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“…is classically regarded as an opportunistic mycosis, with disease burden disproportionately affecting individuals with impaired host defenses such as neonates, advanced HIV/AIDS, transplant recipients, and patients receiving prolonged immunosuppression or broad-spectrum antimicrobials [5].”
Evaluation of Antibiofilm Efficacy of C‐Phycocyanin From Spirulina Species Against Candida albicans
Samsudeen, M. B., Nagaiah, H. P., Sundararaj, A., & Pandian, S. K. (2026) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.70170
“Catalase is a crucial antioxidant enzyme that plays a vital role in protecting C. albicans from the damaging effects of ROS produced by the host immune system during infection [35].”
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“…o c i C . pa r ap s il o s i s ( n = 1 ) 100 C . r ugo s a S : Su s ce p ti b l e ; I: I n t e r m e d i a t e ; R : R e s i s t an t facilitate tissue invasion, enhance adhesion to host cells, and may contribute to antifungal resistance and persistence (Eldesouky et al. 2016; Talapko et al. 2021).”
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Influence of the microbiota on Candida albicans gastrointestinal colonization in healthy individuals
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Fonctions et biosynthèse des β-1,6-glucanes de la paroi cellulaire chez Candida albicans
Bekirian, C. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b1028289z0c26z4acaz8f96z18e5c0c94464
Risk Factors, Treatment Outcomes, and Isolate-dependent Differences of Candida Keratitis
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Rezaei-Mojaz, M., Hajghafari, H., Shams‐Ghahfarokhi, M., Seyedjavadi, S. S., Salehi, Z., Eslamifar, A., Jamzivar, F., & Razzaghi‐Abyaneh, M. (2026) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-026-13213-w
“Among the various Candida species, C. albicans remains the most commonly isolated and is responsible for a broad spectrum of infections, ranging from mild mucosal conditions to severe, invasive disease [2].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Talapko, J., Juzbašić, M., Matijević, T., Pustijanac, E., Bekić, S., Kotris, I., & Škrlec, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Osijek (HR)
- Klinički bolnički centar Osijek (HR)
- Juraj Dobrila University of Pula (HR)
- Department of Internal Medicine, General County Hospital Vukovar, HR-3200 Vukovar, Croatia
- Corresponding author
- Škrlec, Ivana
- Venue
- Journal of Fungi
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-01-22
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 79
- ISSN
- 2309-608X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7912069
- OpenAlex
- W3124481512
- Cited by
- 794
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 231 · 2024: 187 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 15
- FWCI
- 12.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Fungi (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Keywords
- Candida albicans, virulence factors, candidiasis, oral candidiasis, invasive candidiasis, candidemia, commensalism, dysbiosis, mucosal barrier, host immune response, opportunistic fungal infection, clinical features
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