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Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection
Open accessAbstract
Candida albicans is a common commensal fungus that colonizes the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal and vaginal tract, and healthy individuals’ skin. In 50% of the population, C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the microbiota. The various clinical manifestations of Candida species range from localized, superficial mucocutaneous disorders to invasive diseases that involve multiple organ systems and are life-threatening. From systemic and local to hereditary and environmental, diverse factors lead to disturbances in Candida’s normal homeostasis, resulting in a transition from normal flora to pathogenic and opportunistic infections. The transition in the pathophysiology of the onset and progression of infection is also influenced by Candida’s virulence traits that lead to the development of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis has a wide range of clinical manifestations, divided into primary and secondary candidiasis. The main supply of C. albicans in the body is located in the gastrointestinal tract, and the development of infections occurs due to dysbiosis of the residential microbiota, immune dysfunction, and damage to the muco-intestinal barrier. The presence of C. albicans in the blood is associated with candidemia–invasive Candida infections. The commensal relationship exists as long as there is a balance between the host immune system and the virulence factors of C. albicans. This paper presents the virulence traits of Candida albicans and clinical manifestations of specific candidiasis.
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“The infection advance of C. albicans to the host is determined by the joint action of growth ability and virulence factors [56], but not all factors play an equally important role in the pathogenic process.”
From The F 1 F o -ATP synthase α subunit of Candida albicans induces inflammatory responses by controlling amino acid catabolism (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
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BackgroundIdentification of uncommon oral yeasts from cancer patients by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry
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“It is an inflammatory condition of one, or more often, both corners of the lips and is clinically manifested by redness, erosions, and crusts that are sometimes covered with white plaque [61,63].”
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“It was discovered that T helper (Th17) cells have a critical role in immune defense against Candida, but also a considerable role against other microbes [72,73].”
BackgroundPre-clinical Imaging of Invasive Candidiasis Using ImmunoPET/MR
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“Of all the species, Candida albicans is the most common causative agent of mucosal infections and systemic infection, and it is responsible for about 70% of fungal infections around the world [2].”
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“Of the topical polyenes, nystatin is most commonly used, especially for oral and vulvovaginal candidiasis [105,131].”
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“confirmed, is crucial for successfully treating invasive candidiasis [141,167].”
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“The most important is cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (cyclic adenosine monophosphate PKA) [3,26].”
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Self-citationFrom Genes to Networks: The Regulatory Circuitry Controlling Candida albicans Morphogenesis
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“Filamentation is enhanced by a temperature higher than 37 ◦C, an alkali pH, serum, and high concentrations of CO2 [8].”
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“Lesions on the mucosa are red and limited to areas covered by the prosthetic replacement, sometimes accompanied by a burning sensation, but often are asymptomatic and detected only by dental examination [51,57,61,63,64].”
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“Candida endocarditis is one of the most severe candidiasis manifestations and is the most common cause of fungal endocarditis [157].”
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“Besides earlier mentioned CMC, hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES) is another group of inherited disorders characterized, among other things, by recurrent cutaneous candidiasis, occurring in approximately 80% of HIES patients [114,115].”
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“In the cell membrane, there is a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins with the role of receptors, but also some whose role is transport and also signal transduction [15].”
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“was tested, and many studies showed that AgNPs have potential in the treatment of candidiasis [139,140].”
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“It is characterized by the morphological transition of blastospores into hyphae, and the transitional form between are pseudohyphae [18,19].”
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“This species is the most common opportunistic pathogen among fungi and can cause diseases ranging from superficial to invasive and life-threatening infections [88].”
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“The clinical disease may be asymptomatic but is most commonly manifested by acute odynophagia, dysphagia, and pain behind the sternum [94,97].”
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“albicans recognize ligands such as proteins, fibrinogens, and fibronectins and bind to them [17].”
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“It was discovered that T helper (Th17) cells have a critical role in immune defense against Candida, but also a considerable role against other microbes [72,73].”
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Schlager, E., Ashack, K. A., & Khachemoune, A. (2018) · Dermatology Online Journal · doi:10.5070/d3248041124 · Cited by 18
Unraveling How Candida albicans Forms Sexual Biofilms
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“The transcription network that regulates biofilm formation consists of six major transcription regulators (Efg1, Tec1, Bcr1, Ndt80, Rob1, and Brg1) that regulate the expression of 1000 genes [39,40].”
BackgroundDynamic study of oral Candida infection and immune status in HIV infected patients during HAART
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“In HIV infection/AIDS, candidosis is an early sign of immunodeficiency and can indicate the immune status and disease progression in such patients [59,60].”
BackgroundAnogenital Pruritus – An Overview
Swamiappan, M. (2016) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2016/18440.7703 · Cited by 14
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The role of virulence factors inCandida albicanspathogenicity
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“albicans are SAP (secreted aspartyl protease), phospholipase, and hemolysin [48].”
BackgroundFungal profile and antifungal susceptibility pattern in patients with oral candidiasis.
Sav, H., Altınbaş, R., & Dursun, Z. B. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 12
Empirical Antifungal Therapy in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis
Siddharthan, T., Karakousis, P. C., & Checkley, W. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.13801 · Cited by 10 · cited 1×
“Published data suggest that fluconazole antifungal prophylaxis reduces the incidence of invasive candidiasis among high-risk ICU patients [165].”
BackgroundSkin infections in 401 renal transplant recipients in southern Turkey.
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Essential Functional Modules for Pathogenic and Defensive Mechanisms inCandida albicansInfections
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“As mentioned earlier, they are commonly seen in patients with diabetes mellitus [117–119], immunosuppressed patients, such as HIV/AIDS patients, oncology patients receiving chemotherapy, and organ transplant patients [117,120,121] taking broad-spectrum systemic antibiotics [122,123].”
BackgroundCommunity-Acquired Fungemia Due to a Multiple-Azole-Resistant Strain of Candida tropicalis
Jandourek, A., Brown, P., & Vázquez, J. A. (1999) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/313540 · Cited by 7 · cited 1×
“However, recently azole-resistant strains have been detected [134].”
BackgroundIntravenous Catheter-Associated Candidemia due to Candida membranaefaciens: The First Iranian Case.
Âghili, S. R., Shokohi, T., Boroumand, M. A., Fesharaki, S. H., & Salmanian, B. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 6
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Host responses to Candida albicans. A review.
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Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: a rare diagnosis in paediatric dentistry
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“It most commonly occurs in childhood and is associated with numerous immune disorders [66].”
BackgroundMucocutaneous and Deeply Invasive Candidiasis
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“The ulcer mostly heals with antiulcer therapy [99].”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
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“Each morphological form possesses distinct surface molecules 53 .”
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Candida albicans the main opportunistic pathogenic fungus in humans
Macias-Paz, I. U., Pérez-Hernández, S., Tavera-Tapia, A., Luna-Arias, J. P., Guerra-Cárdenas, J. E., & Reyna-Beltrán, E. (2023) · Revista Argentina de Microbiología · doi:10.1016/j.ram.2022.08.003 · Cited by 141
“…is the main causative agent of candidiasis and the primary fungal infection in adults and pediatric patients 8,66,82 In the USA, it was reported that sepsis caused by C. albicans has a mortality rate of approximately 40%, which is higher than any other sepsis caused by bacteria or fungi 89 .”
BackgroundImmunity to Invasive Fungal Diseases
Casadevall, A. (2022) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-101220-034306 · Cited by 124
Czechowicz, P., Nowicka, J., & Gościniak, G. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23115895 · Cited by 122
Metadata
- Authors
- Talapko, J., Juzbašić, M., Matijević, T., Pustijanac, E., Bekić, S., Kotris, I., & Škrlec, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Osijek (HR)
- Klinički bolnički centar Osijek (HR)
- Juraj Dobrila University of Pula (HR)
- Department of Internal Medicine, General County Hospital Vukovar, HR-3200 Vukovar, Croatia
- Corresponding author
- Škrlec, Ivana
- Venue
- Journal of Fungi
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-01-22
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 79
- ISSN
- 2309-608X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7912069
- OpenAlex
- W3124481512
- Cited by
- 794
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 231 · 2024: 187 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 15
- FWCI
- 12.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Fungi (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Keywords
- Candida albicans, virulence factors, candidiasis, oral candidiasis, invasive candidiasis, candidemia, commensalism, dysbiosis, mucosal barrier, host immune response, opportunistic fungal infection, clinical features
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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