Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) supplementation on some cardiovascular risk factors with a ketogenic Mediterranean diet
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: the ketogenic diet (KD) has become a widely used nutritional approach for weight loss. Some of the KD's positive effects on metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors are similar to those seen after n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) supplementation. We hypothesized that a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts combined with ω-3 supplementation may have increased positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation. METHODS: We analyzed 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight. The subjects followed a ketogenic diet protocol for four weeks; with (KDO3) or without (KD) ω-3 supplementation. RESULTS: All subjects experienced a significant loss of body weight and body fat and there was no significant differences between treatment (body weight: KD-4.7 kg, KDO3-4.03 kg, body fat KD-5.41 kg, KDO3-5.86 kg). There were also significant decreases in total cholesterol, LDL-c, and glucose levels. Triglycerides and insulin levels decreased more in KDO3 vs. KD subjects, with a significant difference. All the investigated inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) decreased significantly in KDO3 subjects whilst only TNF-α showed a significant decrease in KD subjects over the 12 month study period. No significant changes were observed in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1Ra), creatinine, urea and uric acid. Adiponectin increased significantly only in the KDO3 group. CONCLUSIONS: ω-3 supplementation improved the positive effects of a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts on some cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors and inflammatory state.
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- Authors
- Paoli, A., Moro, T., Bosco, G., Bianco, A., Grimaldi, K., Camporesi, E., & Mangar, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of Palermo (IT)
- National Technical University of Athens (GR)
- University of South Florida (US)
- Tampa General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Paoli, Antonio
- ORCID
- Venue
- Marine Drugs
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2015-02-13
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 996-1009
- ISSN
- 1660-3397 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4344614
- OpenAlex
- W2046011865
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 5.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Marine Drugs (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- omega-3 fatty acids, ketogenic diet, Mediterranean diet, phytoextracts, cardiovascular risk factors, inflammation, overweight, weight loss, fat mass, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, inflammatory cytokines, adiponectin, anti-inflammatory cytokines
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Insulin, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Plant Extracts, Risk Factors, Triglycerides, Weight Loss, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Cytokines, Dietary Supplements, Diet, Mediterranean, Adiposity, Overweight, Diet, Ketogenic
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