Beyond Maslow’s Pyramid: Introducing a Typology of Thirteen Fundamental Needs for Human-Centered Design

Desmet, Pieter; Fokkinga, Steven

doi:10.3390/mti4030038

Cited by 181Innovative Human-Technology InteractionHuman Behavior and MotivationUsability and User Interface Design

Beyond Maslow’s Pyramid: Introducing a Typology of Thirteen Fundamental Needs for Human-Centered Design

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Desmet, Pieter, Fokkinga, Steven·2020·Multimodal Technologies and Interaction

DOI 10.3390/mti4030038

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Abstract

This paper introduces a design-focused typology of psychological human needs that includes 13 fundamental needs and 52 sub-needs (four for each fundamental need). The typology was developed to provide a practical understanding of psychological needs as a resource for user-centered design practice and research with a focus on user experience and well-being. The first part of the manuscript briefly reviews Abraham Maslow’s pioneering work on human needs, and the underlying propositions, main contributions and limitations of his motivational theory. The review results in a set of requirements for a design-focused typology of psychological needs. The second part reports on the development of the new typology. The thirteen needs were selected from six existing typologies with the use of five criteria that distinguish fundamental from non-fundamental needs. The resulting typology builds on the strengths of Maslow’s need hierarchy but rejects the hierarchical structure and adds granularity to the need categories. The third part of the paper describes three examples of how the need typology can inform design practice, illustrated with student design cases. It also presents three means for communicating the need typology. The general discussion section reflects on implications and limitations and proposes ideas for future research.

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The extant literature has found a direct link between individuals' satisfaction with a product and their personalities and the emotions they experience when interacting with a product.
“the extant literature has found a direct link between individuals' satisfaction with a product and their personalities and the emotions they experience when interacting with a product [40]”
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Ecosystem services and well-being dimensions related to urban green spaces – A systematic review
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Understanding Use Intention of mHealth Applications Based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT-2) Model in China
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Interacting with a Chatbot-Based Advising System: Understanding the Effect of Chatbot Personality and User Gender on Behavior
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“Such a “product-specific needs profile” (Desmet and Fokkinga, 2020, p. 11) could potentially serve as a useful guideline for designing a positive user experience (which in turn impacts intention to use).”
Influential
Prediction of Emotional Empathy in Intelligent Agents to Facilitate Precise Social Interaction
Alanazi, S., Shabbir, M., Alshammari, N. O., Alruwaili, M., Hussain, I., & Ahmad, F. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13021163 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Designing interactive glazing through an engineering psychology approach: Six augmented reality scenarios that envision future car human-machine interface
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Chaos in Motion: Measuring Visual Pollution with Tangential View Landscape Metrics
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User Interface (UI) Design and User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) Evaluation of a To-Do List Mobile Application to Support Day-To-Day Life of Older Adults
Zhu, D., Wang, D., Huang, R., Jing, Y., Li, Q., & Liu, W. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10102068 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Digital Transition Methodology of a Warehouse in the Concept of Sustainable Development with an Industrial Case Study
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A Living Lab approach to understanding dairy farmers' technology and data needs to improve herd health: Focus groups from 6 European countries
Doidge, C., Ånestad, L. M., Burrell, A., Frössling, J., Palczynski, L. J., Pardon, B., Veldhuis, A. M. B., Bokma, J., Carmo, L. P., Hopp, P., et al. (2024) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2024-24155 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Desmet and Fokkinga (2020) recommend that innovators should consider how their tool can (1) strengthen current needs, (2) introduce new needs, and (3) reduce harmed needs.”
BackgroundMethod
Evolving Presentation of Self: The Influence of Dementia Communication Challenges on Everyday Interactions
Ruitenburg, Y., Lee, M., Markopoulos, P., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642190 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Additionally, more abstract cards representing the personality traits of Mccrae and Costa [55] and the fundamental needs of Desmet and Fokkinga [17] were included.”
Demystifying emotion for designers: A five-day course based on seven fundamental principles
Desmet, P., Xue, H., Xin, X., & Liu, W. (2023) · Advanced Design Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijadr.2023.06.002 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Revisiting Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Is it still universal content?
Yurdakul, G., & Arar, T. (2023) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2023.2177227 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…Lincoln, Eleanor Roosevelt, Mother Teresa) instead of an average person, while trying to explain that the hierarchy of needs model he developed is generalizable, leads it hard to generalize the theory according to social classes, age, gender, and education level (Desmet & Fokkinga, 2020).”
Background
Negotiation of needs towards halal talents sustainability
Rahim, N. R. A., Abdullah, I., Yahya, N. A., Awang, M. N., Muhammad, S. Z., Sabri, S. A., & Ahmad, N. N. (2020) · Journal of Islamic marketing · doi:10.1108/jima-11-2019-0245 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Shattered hierarchy: how the Gaza conflict demolished Maslow’s pyramid of needs
Alah, M. A. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05784-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…the model’s Western-centric origins may not adequately reflect the collective experiences of trauma and resilience that significantly influence societal dynamics in regions like Gaza, where cultural heritage plays a pivotal role in shaping communal responses to adversity (Desmet & Fokkinga, 2020).”
‘Talking with your Car’: Design of Human-Centered Conversational AI in Autonomous Vehicles
Rege, A., Currano, R., Sirkin, D. M., & Kim, E. (2024) · International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI) · doi:10.1145/3640792.3675713 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Review of Subjective Assessments in Virtual Reality for Lighting Research
Scorpio, M., Carleo, D., Gargiulo, M., Navarro, P. C., Spanodimitriou, Y., Sabet, P., Masullo, M., & Ciampi, G. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15097491 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Investigating Adaptive Robot Tutoring in a Long-Term Interaction in Higher Education
Donnermann, M., Schäper, P., & Lugrin, B. (2022) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/ro-man53752.2022.9900865 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…the satisfaction of the three psychological needs we used the subscales autonomy, competence and relatedness of the UNeeQ [35], which is based on the need taxonomy by [36] asking participants to rate their degree of consent to different statements (scale from ‘1 – not at all’ to ‘7 – very strong’).”
Method
How do customers react to preferential treatment? An affective events theory and time-lagged survey
Ain, Q. U., Lim, W. M., Rasool, S., & Zeshan, M. (2024) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103927 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A scoping review on human-centered design approaches and considerations in the design of technologies for loneliness and social isolation in older adults
Probst, F., Ratcliffe, J., Molteni, E., Mexia, N., Rees, J., Matcham, F., Antonelli, M., Tinker, A., Shi, Y., Sebastien Ourselin, A., et al. (2024) · Design Science · doi:10.1017/dsj.2024.22 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Approaches that extend or build on HCD also incorporate qualities beyond basic needs that have not been addressed, such as “ self-actualization ” , “ empowerment ” and “ purpose ” (Seshadri et al. 2019; Desmet & Fokkinga 2020).”
Satisfying higher education students’ psychological needs through case-based instruction for fostering creativity and entrepreneurship
Weng, X., Xia, Q., Chiu, T. K. F., & Wan, Z. H. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04597-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Despite the possible bene ﬁ ts of CBI, its effective application requires understanding students ’ underlying psychological needs during the learning process (Desmet & Fokkinga, 2020).”
Measuring Intuitive Use: Theoretical Foundations
Reinhardt, D., & Hurtienne, J. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2166204 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Goals can be pursued consciously or sub-consciously and they can also be more abstract goals (O ’ Brien et al., 2010) on the motivational or needs level (e.g., need for social affiliation, need for entertainment; Desmet & Fokkinga, 2020).”
Background
Addressing Waste Separation With a Persuasive Augmented Reality App
Schäper, P., Riedmann, A., Oberdörfer, S., Krähe, M., & Lugrin, B. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3546740 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Because other needs beside competence, autonomy and relatedness might be relevant, as outlined in the typology of 13 needs by Desmet and Fokkinga [15] we used subscales of an additional need satisfaction questionnaire by Wolf et al. [62] based on this typology.”
Method
Wellness and Wanderlust: How Social Wellness Impacts Travel Motivation
Jo, H. (2024) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2745 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sonic ambiances through fundamental needs: An approach on soundscape interventions for intensive care patients
Louwers, G., Pont, S. C., Gommers, D. A. M. P. J., van der Heide, E. M., & Özcan, E. (2024) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/10.0030470 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
"When the Beeping Stops, you Completely Freak Out" - How Acute Care Teams Experience and Use Technology
Hohm, A., Happel, O., Hurtienne, J., & Grundgeiger, T. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3579590 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Approaches of Positive Experience Design on IoT Intelligent Products
Wu, C., Xu, H., & Liu, Z. (2021) · KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems · doi:10.3837/tiis.2021.05.012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“P. M. A. Desmet et al. (2020) [22] 13 fundamental psychological needs of pleasure.”
Reading Users' Minds With Large Language Models: Mental Inference for Artificial Empathy in Design
Zhu, Q., Chong, L., Yang, M. C., & Luo, J. (2024) · Journal of Mechanical Design · doi:10.1115/1.4067527 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Apples and oranges: three criteria for positive emotion typologies
Desmet, P., Sauter, D. A., & Shiota, M. N. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.012 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Emotion deep dive for designers: Seven propositions that operationalize emotions in design innovation
Desmet, P., Xue, H., Xin, X., & Liu, W. (2022) · AHFE international · doi:10.54941/ahfe1001519 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“They are provided with a longlist of 50 emotion concepts/terms (of which 25 pleasant and 25 unpleasant), with corresponding definitions (Desmet & Fokkinga, 2020b).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Understand and quantify the consumers’ cognitive behavior for the appropriateness features of product aesthetics through the eye-tracking technique
Singh, J., & Sarkar, P. K. (2023) · International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) · doi:10.1007/s12008-023-01656-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Desmet and Fokkinga [53] uses Maslow’s theory in their study, and they described that human moves to a higher level of emotional desires with the technology change.”
Retaining a Multicultural Nursing Workforce: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective
Villamin, P., López, V., Thapa, D. K., & Cleary, M. L. (2025) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/10436596251318027 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Individuals can also be motivated by higher-level needs regardless of whether their lower-level needs are satisfied (Desmet & Fokkinga, 2020).”
Categorizing experiences of misrecognition in energy contexts: A recognition justice typology
van Uffelen, N., & Ayllón, L. M. S. (2025) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125730 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Network psychometric-based identification and structural analysis of a set of evolved human motives
Aunger, R. V., Gallyamova, A. A., & Grigoryev, D. S. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112921 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Noonomy as a Strategical Project
Bodrunov, S. D. (2021) · Strategizing Theory and Practice · doi:10.21603/2782-2435-2021-1-2-136-150 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
UNeedS: Development of Scales to Measure the Satisfaction and Frustration of 13 Fundamental Needs
Wolf, S., Maas, F. M., Künzl, P., Hohm, A., & Hurtienne, J. (2022) · Mensch und Computer (MuC) · doi:10.1145/3543758.3547572 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“, [10, 18, 22]) to measure the satisfaction of needs, these scales neither cover need frustrations nor the 13 needs [5].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Co-making the future: crafting tomorrow with insights and perspectives from the China-U.S. young maker competition
Liu, W., Fu, Z., Zhu, Y., Yin, L., Sun, Y. B., Hong, X., Li, Y., & Liu, M. (2024) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-024-09887-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“As they immerse themselves in their projects, makers develop the ability to discern how users interact with products and the emotional responses these interactions elicit (Liu et al., 2023; Kalogiannakis et al., 2021; Desmet & Fokkinga, 2020 ).”
Psychometric Analysis of a Postulated Set of Evolved Human Motives
Aunger, R. V., Foster, D., & Curtis, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.680229 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“From this list the authors used a variety of techniques, such as collapsing similar needs, to arrive at a consensual list (Desmet and Fokkinga, 2020).”
Background
Application of Social Robots in Higher Education: A Long-Term Study
Donnermann, M., Schäper, P., & Lugrin, B. (2025) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-025-01286-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…the satisfaction of the three psychological needs, we used the sub-scales autonomy, competence, and relatedness of the UNeeQ [73 ], which is based on the need taxonomy by [ 13] asking participants to rate their degree of consent to differ - ent statements (‘1 – not at all’ to ‘7 – very strong’).”
A qualitative survey approach to investigating beef and dairy veterinarians’ needs in relation to technologies on farms
Doidge, C., Burrell, A., van Schaik, G., & Kaler, J. (2024) · animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2024.101124 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
What Type of Consumption Induces or Alleviates Consumer Psychological Distress? Evidence From the COVID-19 Pandemic in China
Wang, Y., Chen, S., Yang, D., & Li, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.619303 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“” Security needs are the psychological needs for safety (Desmet and Fokkinga, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluential
Critical Thinking and Motivation in Vocational Training and Baccalaureate: A Comparison Study of Students of Spanish Nationality, Unaccompanied Foreign Minors and Young Care Leavers
Parejo-Jiménez, N., López, J. E., Cuberos, R. C., & Moreno, E. M. O. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095272 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Addressing the “Unseens”: Digital Wellbeing in the Remote Workplace
Galanxhi‐Janaqi, H., & Nah, F. F. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77750-0_22 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Little Lipstick Never Hurts: How Luxury Cosmetics Influence Self-Esteem in Older Adults
Calestru, S., Rodrigues, H., & Silva, A. J. (2025) · Journal of Macromarketing · doi:10.1177/02761467251338248 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Strengthening personal relationships, maintaining good health, and engaging in ful ﬁ lling activities remain essential pillars for achieving long-term psychological well-being and life satisfaction (Desmet & Fokkinga, 2020).”
Designing Positive Experiences in Creative Workshops at Work Using a Warm UP Set Based on Psychological Needs
Krüger, A. E., & Minet, S. (2022) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti6100090 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Theoretical Framework of the Need Knowledge-Driven Organization
Kragulj, F. (2022) · Knowledge management and organizational learning · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12729-8_3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Needs Hierarchy for Public Service Facilities and Guidance-Control Programming in Small Chinese Towns Influenced by Complex Urbanization of Residents: The Evidence from Zhejiang
Qiu, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Z., & Zhou, Y. (2023) · Land · doi:10.3390/land12061205 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Needs Matter: A Detailed Typology of Fundamental Needs for Human-Centered Design
Huang, S., & Desmet, P. (2023) · AHFE international · doi:10.54941/ahfe1003302 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
An Investigation of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Its Basic Components: A Literature Review
Mukba, G. (2023) · Humanistic Perspective · doi:10.47793/hp.1345948 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Impact of Basic Needs Fulfillment on the Health, Well-being, and Academic Engagement of Occupational Therapy Students
Taff, S. D., Kniepmann, K., Grajo, L. C., Russell-Thomas, D., & Berg, C. (2023) · Occupational Therapy In Health Care · doi:10.1080/07380577.2023.2269429 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Desmet and Fokkinga (2020) investigated the contributions and limitations of Maslow’s hierarchy.”
Value of Smart City Services in Improving the Quality of Life: A Literature Review
Santosa, I., Supangkat, S. H., & Arman, A. A. (2023) · International Conference on ICT for Smart Society (ICISS) · doi:10.1109/iciss59129.2023.10291571 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The definition of service utility will adopt the hierarchy of human needs initiated by Maslow [13], which starts from fulfilling basic values including physiological needs and safety needs, then rises to additional values including social needs, esteem needs, until finally to self-actualization…”
Background
People-Centric Smart City Services Measurement Using Garuda Smart City Framework
Santosa, I., Supangkat, S. H., & Arman, A. A. (2024) · Mediterranean Smart Cities Conference (MSCC) · doi:10.1109/mscc62288.2024.10696991 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Each category of human needs is represented by one indicator to check whether it exists or does not exist, and the definition of each category is adopted based on Desmet and Fokkinga [14], and explained in Table III.”
Background
Ergonomics 4.0: Human‐Centered Procedure for Ergonomic Design Using Virtual Reality Prototyping
Li, M., Yao, X., Aschenbrenner, D., van Eijk, D. J., & Vink, P. (2022) · INCOSE International Symposium · doi:10.1002/iis2.12885 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In particular, comfort is one of the fundamental needs of human beings, which is described as “a feeling of relief or encouragement”, “contented well-being” and “a satisfying or enjoyable experience” (Desmet & Fokkinga 2020, p.46; Merriam-Webster 2021).”
Background
Wellbeing at Work—Emotional Impact on Workers Using a Worker Guidance System Designed for Positive User Experience
Laib, M., Haspel, C., Stockinger, C., Polanski-Schräder, L., Dücker, P., Voll, K., Schiffrer, P., & Burmester, M. (2022) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti6100087 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Empowering post-stroke older adults through wheelchair development: a conceptual synthesis for stigma reduction and well-being enhancement
Chu, Q., Ramli, S. H., Ahmad, S. A., Mansor, N. B., Rokhani, F. Z., Li, Z., You, D., & Yu, X. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2024.2424878 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Desmet and Fokkinga [80] provided a typology of 13 essential psychological demands (autonomy, beauty, comfort, community, competence, fitness, impact, morality, purpose, recognition, relatedness, security, and stimulation) and illustrated the range and scope of the fundamental needs.”
Circular Shirt Builder: an apparel configurator to support healthier consumption boundaries in the textiles circular economy
O’Nascimento, R., Petreca, B. B., Seaton, M., & Baurley, S. L. (2026) · Cleaner and Responsible Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.clrc.2026.100390 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Introducing the Fundamental User Needs (FUN) Scales: Assessing Need Satisfaction and Frustration in Design-Mediated Interactions
Huang, S., Desmet, P., & Mugge, R. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2450415 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In motivation research, a variety of needs theories and typologies have been proposed, reflecting diverse research perspectives and evaluation criteria (for a recent overview, see Desmet & Fokkinga, 2020).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
The Offenbach Model: Human- Centered Mobility Design
Vöckler, K., & Eckart, P. (2022) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783868597943-004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Emerging Virtual Communities of Practice during Crises: A Sustainable Model Validating the Levels of Peer Motivation and Support
Fayez, O., Ismail, H., & Aboelnagah, H. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15075691 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchical needs in No Friend but the Mountains: Writing from Manus Prison by Behrouz Boochani
Mustafa, G. O., Ahmad, H. M., & Ghafor, O. F. (2023) · Studies in English Language and Education · doi:10.24815/siele.v10i3.28402 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The third reading was to separate the highlighted excerpts and categorize each one according to the five levels of the hierarchy of needs, namely physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness, and love needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization needs (see Desmet & Fokkinga, 2020, p. 4).”
Background
Addressing Psychological Needs in Designing for a Sustainable Circular Economy
Wölfel, C., & Burmester, M. (2023) · Design science and innovation · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7532-7_9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
How employees’ motivated needs relate to employees’ personal and workplace spirituality
Yarbrough, J. W., & Salazar, L. R. (2024) · Journal of Organizational Effectiveness People and Performance · doi:10.1108/joepp-03-2024-0139 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sounds that satisfy: Describing the relationship between sound and need fulfilment
Louwers, G., Özcan, E., van Bommel, J., & Pont, S. C. (2022) · Proceedings of DRS · doi:10.21606/drs.2022.730 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Co-evolution of Pandemic, Human Security, and Technology
Kanbara, S., & Shaw, R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5074-1_3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
How the presence of others shapes the user experience of service robots
Tretter, S., von Terzi, P., & Diefenbach, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2025.1538711 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Addressing Motivation in an E-Learning Scenario by applying Narration and Choice
Schäper, P., Riedmann, A., Semineth, M., & Lugrin, B. (2022) · Electronic workshops in computing · doi:10.14236/ewic/hci2022.18 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This questionnaire is based on the work of Desmet and Fokkinga (2020) and was added as a further indicator for need satisfaction, especially relatedness and autonomy, which are sometimes inconsistent (Hassenzahl, 2001).”
Method
‘I Did Digital Tidying up for a More Adult Stage of Life’: Ritualistic Technology Appropriations During Life Transitions
Wolf, S., Mörike, F., Löffler, D., & Hurtienne, J. (2022) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1093/iwc/iwad001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The preferences for economic growth in the post-Soviet countries. A multicounty study
Ortikov, A., Čábelková, I., Rotterova, S., Zhytna, O., & Smutka, Ľ. (2023) · Economics & Sociology · doi:10.14254/2071-789x.2023/16-1/15 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Motivation of Socialite Women in Hanging Out in Cafes
Suhaeb, F. W., & Kaseng, E. S. (2023) · Technium Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.47577/tssj.v50i1.9934 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Is benevolence the pinnacle of an employment relations trust hierarchy?
Ehlers, L. I. (2021) · SA Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v19i0.1655 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The expanded higher categories allowed for more effective analysis of relationships amongst religious, spiritual and psychological needs and behaviours of human beings (Desmet & Fokkinga, 2020).”
Background
“What makes you feel relaxed in nature?”: Exploring nature-based stimuli as inspiration for designing relaxing experiences
Kim, C. M., van Rompay, T. J. L., & Ludden, G. (2022) · Proceedings of DRS · doi:10.21606/drs.2022.454 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Design for balance: wellness and health
Hormazábal, M. S., Xue, H., & Tsekleves, E. (2022) · Base Diseño e Innovación · doi:10.52611/bdi.num6.2022.786 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Role of Economic Instability, Political Instability, and Foreign Job Opportunities on Brain Drain: Perception of Business Students
Malokani, D. K. A. K., Mehmood, K. A., & Munir, F. (2022) · journal of social sciences review · doi:10.54183/jssr.v2i4.72 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Empathic Accuracy and Mental Effort During Remote Assessments of Emotions
Huber, S. L., & Rathß, N. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580824 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Students’ Reaction on Operating Rhetorical Strategies in Promoting Linguistic Skills and Cultural Diversity at Islamic Multicultural Classrooms
Nurhayati, D. A. W. (2023) · DINAMIKA ILMU · doi:10.21093/di.v23i1.6036 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Towards a typology of forest-managing organisations around the globe
Jenke, M., Hintz, K. S., Starfinger, M., & Gießen, L. (2023) · The International Forestry Review · doi:10.1505/146554823837244419 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“These findings suggest that our typology is robust, comprehensive, and concise (Nickerson et al. 2013, Desmet and Fokkinga 2020).”
Background
Privacy and Tracking in the Emerging Mobile Applications: A Survey
Boussada, R., Bouchaala, M., & Saı̈dane, L. A. (2023) · International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC) · doi:10.1109/iwcmc58020.2023.10182497 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Maslow’s motivational theory is recognized as the preemi-nent theory of 20th century psychology [23].”
Background
Identifying meaningful user experiences with autonomous products: a case study in fundamental user needs in fully autonomous vehicles.
Gomez-Beldarrain, G., van der Maden, W., Huang, S., & Kim, E. (2023) · International Association of Societies of Design Research Congress (IASDR) · doi:10.21606/iasdr.2023.434 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Extensive assessment of Datura metel L. accessions: Geographical origins-based clustering coupled with morphological and phytochemical profiles to illuminate medicinal efficacy
Sharma, M., Singh, V. K., Sharma, M. M., Patil, N., Jain, M., & Kaushik, P. (2025) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2025.02.029 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tranquil or desolate? A mixed-methods investigation of patient sound experiences, needs and emotions in single patient ICU rooms
Louwers, G., Gommers, D. A. M. P. J., van der Heide, E. M., Pont, S. C., & Özcan, E. (2025) · Intensive and Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2025.104031 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Design for Positive UX: From Experience Categories to Psychological Needs
Fink, V., Zeiner, K. M., Ritter, M., Burmester, M., & Eibl, M. (2022) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19679-9_19 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dynamic Capabilities and Digital Transformation in the COVID-19 Era: Implications from Driving Schools
Kitsios, F., Nousopoulou, E., & Kamariotou, M. I. (2023) · Logistics · doi:10.3390/logistics7040081 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In addition, despite the fact that the importance of digitalization has been acknowledged, there is not yet a theoretical framework in place that can direct businesses toward successfully implementing this transformation [70,71].”
Background
Sensory sustainable homes, a study of the healthy happy home (3H) conceptual design model: an explanatory qualitative study
Ekhaese, E. N., Husain, W., Ndimako, O. O., Hussain, K., & Owoseni, A. O. (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2025.1506672 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Identifying communal user needs for quality of experience (QoE) evaluation and improvement focused on user-centered design
Kim, B.-S., Heo, I.-S., Sahithi, K. K., & Kim, S. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105622 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Enhancing patient healthcare experience: A systematic review of emotional design in medical devices
Wu, Y., Wang, Y., Lai, N. Y. G., Tan, N., Luo, S., & Wong, K. H. (2026) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/j.destud.2025.101374 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Identifying and Addressing Needs of Heterogeneous User Groups—A Case Study from the Banking Sector
Pollmann, K., Janssen, D., Fronemann, N., Velić, M., Bouillé, P., Foucault, B., & Bécam, N. B. (2022) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti6120103 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Face-to-Display Workforce: Forfeiting Pay Cuts in Favour of Flexibility
Beňo, M., Hvorecký, J., & Cagáňová, D. (2023) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.36941/ajis-2023-0090 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The need for financial security is a matter of putting into operation the need for security that holds true for many, but not all, people (Desmet & Fokkinga, 2020).”
Background
Improving EFL Learners’ Reading Motivation With Intensive Reading Using “ReadTheory”
Anqoudi, S. A., Gabarre, C., Gabarre, S., & Aamri, S. A. (2023) · International Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.5296/ijl.v15i5.21389 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
User Frustration: Shaping the Experience of Automotive and Computing
Al-Sa’di, A., & Litayem, N. (2023) · International Conference on Computer Systems (ICCS) · doi:10.1109/iccs59700.2023.10335584 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In the context of technological interaction, the UX is based on the user's psychological needs, which include autonomy, competence, meaning, popularity, relatedness, security, and stimulation, as derived from Maslow's hierarchy of needs[21].”
Method
Adaptive Marketing Strategies for Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Regional Development, and Sustainable Growth in Ukraine
Prasol, V., Velichko, V., Cirella, G. T., Konoplina, O., Mizik, I., & Novoskoltseva, L. (2024) · Contributions to economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48735-4_17 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Factors of Consumer Behavior of Ukrainian Households in the Pre-War and War Period: a Collective Approach to Definition and Evaluation
Котенко, Т. М., & Korotkova, D. (2023) · Statistics of Ukraine · doi:10.31767/su.2(101)2023.02.04 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Discussing Key Aspects of Industry 5.0 in Teaching Factories: Manufacturing Processes Level
Papacharalampopoulos, A., Korfiati, A.-M., & Stavropoulos, P. G. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65400-8_39 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Key messages of advertising slogans in the maritime industry
Skračić, T., Glavinović, R., & Vukić, L. (2025) · Transportation research procedia · doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2025.03.013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Games for COVID-19
Kermavnar, T., & Desmet, P. (2022) · Base Diseño e Innovación · doi:10.52611/bdi.num6.2022.779 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
EXPANDING USER NEED FINDING THROUGH ABDUCTIVE REASONING
Bruggeman, R., Chehade, E. C., & Ciuccarelli, P. (2023) · Proceedings of the Design Society · doi:10.1017/pds.2023.175 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…or a service in the first stages of its development is largely dependent on to what extent the product or the service satisfies customer needs (Desmet and Fokkinga, 2020), and latent user needs play a particularly significant role in impacting the way the product or service unexpectedly…”
Background
Metaverse, a Holistic Vision of the New Virtual Reality
Méndez-Aparicio, M. D., Jiménez‐Zarco, A. I., & Izquierdo‐Yusta, A. (2023) · Revista Empresa y Humanismo · doi:10.15581/015.xxvi.2.99-130 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“As we move up the Maslow’s pyramid (Desmet and Fokkinga, 2020), the need for affiliation and contact keeps us hyperconnected, due to the success of social networks and online gaming communities (Barrera and Shah, 2023; Orús, 2022b).”
Background
How Can BOLE Identify, Cultivate, and Judge User Experience (UX) Talents? Inspiring and Designing the Playful Experience of Tomorrow
Ai, M., Cai, Q., Fan, Y., Li, B., Huang, R., Liu, S., Ran, Y., Wang, R., Wang, Y., Zhang, K., et al. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35699-5_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
INSPIRe – Entwicklung eines Gamifiaction-Ansatzes zur Attraktivitätssteigerung der Infrastruktur durch spielerische Maßnahmen im Radverkehr : Nationaler Radverkehrsplan 2020, Förderkennziffer VB1912
Anke, J., Woelfel, C., & Schmitt, F. (2023) · doi:10.25368/2022.67 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Introducing the third space of design for well-being: Exploring the intersection between problem- and possibility-driven design through a design case on online dating experience
Hajdu, E., Ertürkan, H., & Desmet, P. (2023) · International Association of Societies of Design Research Congress (IASDR) · doi:10.21606/iasdr.2023.513 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“We connected the first-aid techniques of Winch (2013) to the 13 fundamental needs theory of Desmet and Fokkinga (2020), a design-focused framework of human psychological needs.”
Self-citation
User perceptions of intelligent offloading diabetic footwear
Hemler, S. L., Sommerich, C. M., Correia, J. C., & Pataky, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1380525 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Authors: Desmet, P., & Fokkinga, S.
Affiliations: Delft University of Technology (NL)
Corresponding author: Desmet, Pieter
ORCID: Desmet, Pieter
Fokkinga, Steven
Venue: Multimodal Technologies and Interaction
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2020-07-07
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 38
ISSN: 2414-4088 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/mti4030038
OpenAlex: W3040037821
Cited by: 181
References: 74
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 3
FWCI: 17.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
dx.doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (publishedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (453-16-009)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Behavior and Motivation
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
Keywords: psychological needs, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, human-centered design, user-centered design, user experience, well-being, fundamental human needs, motivation theories, design practice

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Beyond Maslow’s Pyramid: Introducing a Typology of Thirteen Fundamental Needs for Human-Centered Design

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