The DOI matches its Crossref record; 207 of the 212 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 45 of the 86 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures
Open accessAbstract
Phthalates (diesters of phthalic acid) are widely used as plasticizers and additives in many consumer products. Laboratory animal studies have reported the endocrine-disrupting and reproductive effects of phthalates, and human exposure to this class of chemicals is a concern. Several phthalates have been recognized as substances of high concern. Human exposure to phthalates occurs mainly via dietary sources, dermal absorption, and air inhalation. Phthalates are excreted as conjugated monoesters in urine, and some phthalates, such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), undergo secondary metabolism, including oxidative transformation, prior to urinary excretion. The occurrence of phthalates and their metabolites in urine, serum, breast milk, and semen has been widely reported. Urine has been the preferred matrix in human biomonitoring studies, and concentrations on the order of several tens to hundreds of nanograms per milliliter have been reported for several phthalate metabolites. Metabolites of diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl- (DBP) and diisobutyl- (DiBP) phthalates, and DEHP were the most abundant compounds measured in urine. Temporal trends in phthalate exposures varied among countries. In the United States (US), DEHP exposure has declined since 2005, whereas DiNP exposure has increased. In China, DEHP exposure has increased since 2000. For many phthalates, exposures in children are higher than those in adults. Human epidemiological studies have shown a significant association between phthalate exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes in women and men, type II diabetes and insulin resistance, overweight/obesity, allergy, and asthma. This review compiles biomonitoring studies of phthalates and exposure doses to assess health risks from phthalate exposures in populations across the globe.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review compiles global human biomonitoring and selected epidemiological studies of phthalate exposures, focusing on urinary metabolites and other biological matrices. It reports ubiquitous exposure, higher levels in children, country-specific temporal trends, and associations with reproductive, metabolic, and allergic outcomes, while noting major data gaps.
Key findings
- Phthalates are widely used plasticizers/additives; annual global production was 4.7 million metric tons in 2006 and ~8 million metric tons in 2015. DEHP, DiNP, and BzBP are common additives that migrate from products.
- Urine is the preferred biomonitoring matrix; metabolites of DEP, DBP/DiBP, and DEHP are most abundant. Sum of 22 phthalate metabolites in urine was on the order of several to hundreds of µg/L. Kuwait samples from 2006–2007 had the highest median total phthalate metabolite concentration at 1,050 µg/L (maximum 19,300 µg/L), with MEP 411 µg/L, MBP 113 µg/L, and DEHP metabolites 180 µg/L.
- Temporal trends varied by country: US DEHP exposure declined since 2005 while DiNP exposure increased; a 67% decline in US DEHP exposure was reported between 2005/6 and 2011/12. In China, DEHP exposure increased since 2000/2001. Children often had higher exposures than adults; in DEMOCOPHES, children vs mothers had geometric means of MBP 34.8 vs 23.9 µg/L, MiBP 45.4 vs 30.1 µg/L, and ΣDEHP 47.6 vs 29.2 µg/L, though MEP was higher in mothers (48.2 vs 34.4 µg/L).
- Epidemiological studies reported associations between phthalate exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes, type II diabetes and insulin resistance, overweight/obesity, allergy, and asthma. For example, higher urinary MBP, MiBP, MBzP, MCPP, and DEHP metabolites were associated with increased diabetes diagnosis in US women, and DEHP metabolites were associated with obesity in adult females and older males.
Methods
- Narrative review based on a literature search in Web of Science Core Collection, BIOSIS Previews, Derwent Innovations Index, MEDLINE, and SciELO Citation Index, using terms for phthalic acid/phthalates OR phthalate metabolites AND biomonitoring OR epidemiological studies, restricted to publications between 2000 and 2018.
- The review summarizes biomonitoring of phthalate diesters and their monoester and oxidative metabolites in urine, serum, breast milk, semen, saliva, amniotic fluid, and nails, plus selected epidemiological studies linking exposure to health outcomes. Main analysis is narrative synthesis; no meta-analysis is reported.
Limitations
- Paper-stated: there is a lack of biomonitoring data on phthalate exposures in developing countries in Africa and South America; lack of analytical standards hinders identification of intermediate biological transformation products; the relevance of matrices such as blood, breast milk, semen, and nails remains largely unknown; and observed associations between phthalate exposure and disease outcomes are exploratory and preliminary.
- Paper-stated: studies reporting partitioning of phthalates among tissues and organs at steady-state exposure conditions are not available, and interactions of phthalate metabolites with other contaminants should be considered in future investigations.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not report a formal systematic-review protocol, risk-of-bias assessment, or quantitative pooled effect estimates, so causal inference from the cited exposure–health associations is limited.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
31 No full text of the sources · 27 Partly supported · 23 No basis given · 17 Own interpretation · 11 Supported · 5 Not checked yet · 1 Not supported · 1 Sources not found · 1 Own method · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“A significant association between urinary concentrations of MBzP, MEHP, and MEP and increased risk of endometriosis was found in women [206].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 4. Select Epidemiological Studies Linking Phthalate Exposure and Health Outcomes > 4.4. Reproductive Health
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [206] Upson, 2013, Phthalates and risk of endometriosis, Environ. Res. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report a statistically significant inverse association between urinary MEHP and endometriosis risk, not an increased risk. They suggest increased risk with MBzP and MEP, but explicitly state that those associations were not statistically significant. The supplied passages do not give page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A 67% decline in DEHP exposure in the US population between 2005/6 and 2011/12 has been reported [141].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.1. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [141] Zota, 2014, Temporal trends in phthalate exposures: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2010, Environ. Health Perspect. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report a decline in DEHP metabolites in the U.S. population, from 45.4 ng/mL in 2005–2006 to 24.8 ng/mL in 2009–2010 (about 45%). The paper’s data end in 2009–2010, so they do not support the claimed 67% decline through 2011–2012. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The mean concentrations of MEP, MBP, and DEHP metabolites were one to two orders of magnitude lower in serum (MEP: 4.2, MBP: 0.4, and DEHP: 7.6 µg/L) and seminal plasma (1.0, 0.8, and 0.6 µg/L) than in urine (326, 42.5, and 115 µg/L).”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.2. Phthalate Metabolites in Serum
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [77] Frederiksen, 2010, Correlations between phthalate metabolites in urine, serum, and seminal plasma from young Danish men determined by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, J. Anal. Toxicol. source
Table III (Results and Discussion; page not provided) reports mean concentrations for MEP and MnBP that round to the cited values in urine, serum, and seminal plasma. Adding the listed DEHP-metabolite means likewise gives approximately 115, 7.6, and 0.6 µg/L, respectively. The paper also states in “Serum and seminal plasma” that levels in those matrices were much lower than in urine. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“MEP (222 µg/g CR) was the predominant phthalate metabolite found in urine samples of pregnant women from the Netherlands (Generation R study) [110].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.1. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [110] Ye, 2008, Urinary metabolite concentrations of organophosphorous pesticides, bisphenol A, and phthalates among pregnant women in Rotterdam, the Netherlands: The Generation R study, Environ. Res. source
The Results section reports that MEP had the highest creatinine-adjusted median concentration among the phthalate metabolites, at 222 µg/g Cr. The Introduction identifies the samples as coming from pregnant women in the Generation R study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, when only serum was available for analysis, MEP and MiBP representing low molecular weight phthalates, and MECPP and MCiOP representing high molecular weight phthalates, have been used as indicators of phthalate exposure [77].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.2. Phthalate Metabolites in Serum
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [77] Frederiksen, 2010, Correlations between phthalate metabolites in urine, serum, and seminal plasma from young Danish men determined by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, J. Anal. Toxicol. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Serum and seminal plasma” section identifies MEP and MiBP as low-molecular-weight indicators and MECPP and MCiOP as high-molecular-weight indicators when only serum is available. It says they “could be used” for this purpose, however, rather than documenting that they have been used. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Biomonitoring studies of human phthalate exposure have been based on urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“DEHP exposure in the Chinese population has increased since 2001 [143].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.1. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [143] Johns, 2015, Exposure assessment issues in epidemiology studies of phthalates, Environ. Int. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (1.3.2, page unavailable) reports that DEHP concentrations in Chinese air increased from 2000 to 2010. That supports an increasing environmental trend, but the cited evidence is environmental monitoring rather than a measurement of exposure in the Chinese population, and it does not establish 2001 as the starting point. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“a comparative analysis of biomonitoring data in Europe suggested a significant decline in phthalate metabolite concentrations (especially MEP, MBP, MBzP, and DEHP metabolites) from 2011 to 2016 [42].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.1. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [42] Tranfo, G., Caporossi, L., Pigini, D., Capanna, S., Papaleo, B., and Paci, E. (2018). Temporal trends of urinary phthalate concentrations in two populations: Effects of REACH authorization after five years. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report lower urinary concentrations in the 2016 group for MnBP, MBzP and DEHP metabolites, and for MEP in men. They explicitly say the decline in MEP among women was not statistically significant. The study compares two recruited groups in one geographical area, so it does not establish a significant decline across Europe as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and these concentrations were at least an order of magnitude lower than those measured in urine.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.2. Phthalate Metabolites in Serum
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [24] Hanberg, 2008, Phthalate diesters and their metabolites in human breast milk, blood or serum, and urine as biomarkers of exposure in vulnerable populations, Environ. Health Perspect. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report that most blood or serum samples were below the detection limit, while all urine samples had detectable concentrations of most metabolites. This supports a general serum–urine difference, but the available passages do not establish that serum MBP, MEHP, MEP, and MiBP were each at least tenfold lower than their urinary concentrations. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Neonates who receive medical treatments such as transfusions are widely recognized as potentially highlexposed [148].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.1. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [148] Calafat, 2009, Exposure to bisphenol A and other phenols in neonatal intensive care unit premature infants, Environ. Health Perspect. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion describes premature infants receiving intensive medical treatment as a potential high-risk population for chemical exposure, and the Discussion reports elevated BPA exposure associated with greater use of medical products. The paper does not identify transfusions as an example or assess exposure from them, so that specific part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“MiNP was the major metabolite found in breast milk collected from mothers in Denmark (101 µg/L) and Finland (89 µg/L) [25,159].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.3. Phthalate Metabolites in Amniotic Fluid, Breast Milk, Semen, and Saliva
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [25] Main, 2006, Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age, Environ. Health Perspect. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results state that miNP had the highest concentration of the measured phthalate monoesters in breast milk and that levels were higher in Denmark than Finland. Our copy gives a pooled median of 95 µg/L in the Abstract > Results, but the passages do not provide the claimed country-specific values of 101 and 89 µg/L. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [159] Mortensen, 2005, Determination of phthalate monoesters in human milk, consumer milk, and infant formula by tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS), Anal. Bioanal. Chem. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Median concentrations of MBP, MBzP, and MEHP in breast milk were 0.54, 0.50, and 0.49 µg/L, respectively [24].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.3. Phthalate Metabolites in Amniotic Fluid, Breast Milk, Semen, and Saliva
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [24] Hanberg, 2008, Phthalate diesters and their metabolites in human breast milk, blood or serum, and urine as biomarkers of exposure in vulnerable populations, Environ. Health Perspect. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report that phthalate metabolites in 42 breast-milk samples were generally close to or below the detection limit, and refer to Table 2 for concentrations. The passages available from our copy do not give the claimed medians of 0.54, 0.50, and 0.49 µg/L, so those exact figures cannot be verified. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“MEHHP and MEOHP also were reported to occur in the placenta at concentrations of 0.09 and <LOD ng/g [144].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.2. Phthalate Metabolites in Serum
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [144] Kim, 2016, Association of diethylhexyl phthalate with obesity-related markers and body mass change from birth to 3 months of age, J. Epidemiol. Community Health source
Table 2 in the Results reports median placental concentrations of 0.09 ng/g for MEHHP and <LOD for MEOHP. The <LOD figure is a median, not a claim that MEOHP was absent from every placenta sample; it was detected in 1 of 115 samples. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Median concentrations of MEHHP and MEOHP were 0.31 and <LOD µg/L in maternal blood and 0.32 and <LOD µg/L in cord blood, respectively.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.2. Phthalate Metabolites in Serum
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [144] Kim, 2016, Association of diethylhexyl phthalate with obesity-related markers and body mass change from birth to 3 months of age, J. Epidemiol. Community Health source
Results, Table 2 (page not provided) lists the 50th-percentile MEHHP concentrations as 0.31 ng/mL in maternal blood and 0.32 ng/mL in cord blood; MEOHP is <LOD at the 50th percentile in both. The table’s ng/mL units are equivalent to µg/L. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plainn = 128- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“MCPP (0.2 µg/L) and MEOHP (0.3 µg/L), MECPP (0.1–0.4 µg/L), and MEHHP (0.2–0.3 µg/L) were detected in some samples [131].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.3. Phthalate Metabolites in Amniotic Fluid, Breast Milk, Semen, and Saliva
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [131] Hines, 2009, Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in milk, urine, saliva, and Serum of lactating North Carolina women, Environ. Health Perspect. source
The Results section on human milk reports detections of all four metabolites in a few breast milk samples at exactly the stated concentrations. The Results section on correlations refers to the study's 33 women. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“MBP, MEHP, MEP, and MiBP were detected in blood serum at median concentrations of 0.54 0.49, 0.50, and 0.5 µg/L, respectively [24]”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.2. Phthalate Metabolites in Serum
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [24] Hanberg, 2008, Phthalate diesters and their metabolites in human breast milk, blood or serum, and urine as biomarkers of exposure in vulnerable populations, Environ. Health Perspect. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report detectable serum mEHP in a small percentage of samples and seven serum mEP values above the detection limit, but say most blood or serum samples were below that limit. The passages in our copy do not give the four claimed median concentrations or establish detection of serum mBP and miBP at those medians. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“DEHP and BzBP and their monoesters are regarded as allergens, and exposure to them has been associated with asthma and wheezing in adults [200,201].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 4. Select Epidemiological Studies Linking Phthalate Exposure and Health Outcomes > 4.3. Allergy and Asthma
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [200] Braun, 2013, Phthalate exposure and children’s health, Curr. Opin. Pediatr. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Asthma and Allergy” section reports associations between DEHP and BBzP exposure and asthma or wheezing in children, not adults. It describes phthalates as potential adjuvants affecting allergen response, but does not classify DEHP, BBzP, or their monoesters as allergens. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [201] Hoppin, 2013, Phthalate exposure and allergy in the U.S. population: Results from NHANES 2005-2006, Environ. Health Perspect. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Table 3) associate MBzP, a metabolite of BBzP, with current asthma and wheeze in adults. They do not show a significant association between DEHP metabolites and either symptom. The Introduction and Discussion describe DEHP and BBzP as chemicals that may alter responses to allergens, not as allergens themselves. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Two phthalate metabolites (2.2 µg/L MCPP and 2.3 µg/L MECPP) were detected in a saliva sample from a US woman [131].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.3. Phthalate Metabolites in Amniotic Fluid, Breast Milk, Semen, and Saliva
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [131] Hines, 2009, Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in milk, urine, saliva, and Serum of lactating North Carolina women, Environ. Health Perspect. source
The Results section, under “Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in saliva,” reports exactly these two concentrations in a single saliva sample from one woman on one visit. The study population was lactating women in North Carolina, consistent with the claim’s description of a US woman. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Phthalate metabolites were measured in nail samples from Belgium, and the total concentrations ranged between <12 and 7980 ng/g.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.3. Phthalate Metabolites in Amniotic Fluid, Breast Milk, Semen, and Saliva
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [135] Alves, 2016, Ultrasound assisted extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (US-DLLME)—A fast new approach to measure phthalate metabolites in nails, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.4 (p. 14) confirms that phthalate metabolites were measured in nails from ten Belgian individuals. It reports average analyte levels of 3.6–918 ng/g, not a total-concentration range of <12–7980 ng/g; the latter figures are not supported by the passages in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Phthalate exposure was associated with increased body mass and waist circumference [195].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 4. Select Epidemiological Studies Linking Phthalate Exposure and Health Outcomes > 4.2. Overweight and Obesity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [195] Wang, 2013, Urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese school children, PLoS ONE source
The Results report that MEHP and MEP were positively associated with both BMI and waist circumference after adjustment. The finding concerns specific phthalate metabolites in Chinese school children; the study does not establish causation. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Some phthalate metabolites (MEP, MBP, and MiBP) were associated with obesity in children, whereas MEHP, MECPP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MBzP, and MCNP were associated with obesity in adults.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 4. Select Epidemiological Studies Linking Phthalate Exposure and Health Outcomes > 4.2. Overweight and Obesity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [196] Buser, 2014, Age and sex differences in childhood and adulthood obesity association with phthalates: Analyses of NHANES 2007–2010, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections for children and adolescents and for adults report obesity associations for several listed metabolites, but with important qualifications: MiBP was associated only in males, and the adult results identify individual associations for MECPP, MEHHP, MEOHP, and MCNP. The paper lists MnBP (apparently the claim’s MBP) and MEHP within associated metabolite groups, but does not report individual associations for either; it likewise does not report an individual adult association for MBzP. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus far, the majority of the laboratory animal exposure/toxicity studies have focused on DEHP and DBP/DiBP, with limited studies examining the toxicities of other phthalates [164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 4. Select Epidemiological Studies Linking Phthalate Exposure and Health Outcomes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [164] Fabjan, 2006, A category approach for reproductive effects of phthalates, Crit. Rev. Toxicol. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Reproductive Toxicity of Selected Phthalates” section says DEHP and DBP are among the most frequently investigated phthalates and that study availability varies across phthalates. But it names BBP—not DiBP—as the third frequently investigated compound, and its comparison concerns reproductive endpoints rather than laboratory-animal toxicity studies generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Could not verifycites [165] Lyche, 2009, Reproductive and developmental toxicity of phthalates, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The indexed passages labeled Abstract contain bibliographic information and keywords naming DEHP and n-butyl phthalate, but no discussion of how many laboratory-animal studies examined each phthalate. Searches for the claimed concentration of studies on DEHP and DBP/DiBP, and the scarcity of studies on other phthalates, found no passage that addresses that comparison. (LLM, conf=0.69)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [166] Desvergne, 2011, Endocrine disruptors: From endocrine to metabolic disruption, Annu. Rev. Physiol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“MEHP, MBP, and MEP were the major metabolites detected in every nail sample, with a median concentration of 138, 74, and 64 ng/g, respectively [135].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.3. Phthalate Metabolites in Amniotic Fluid, Breast Milk, Semen, and Saliva
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [135] Alves, 2016, Ultrasound assisted extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (US-DLLME)—A fast new approach to measure phthalate metabolites in nails, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.4 (p. 14) identifies MEHP, MBP isomers, and MEP as the major metabolites and reports detection in 100% of the ten individuals studied. It does not give the claimed median concentrations of 138, 74, and 64 ng/g; it reports only an overall range of average levels and refers to Table 4. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Urine has been the preferred matrix in human biomonitoring studies, and concentrations on the order of several tens to hundreds of nanograms per milliliter have been reported for several phthalate metabolites.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For many phthalates, exposures in children are higher than those in adults.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the United States (US), DEHP exposure has declined since 2005”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In China, DEHP exposure has increased since 2000.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a majority of the biomonitoring studies, metabolites of DEHP, DEP, and DBP were the major compounds identified in urine, and the profile varied depending on the country.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.1. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 95th percentile for DEHP exposure doses calculated for the general population (n = 85) and children (n = 254) from Germany were 21 and 25 µg/kg bw/day, respectively, which exceeded the RfD (20 µg/kg bw/day) and the TDI (20–48 µg/kg bw/day) [149].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.1. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [149] Koch, 2006, Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP): Human metabolism and internal exposure—An update and latest results, Int. J. Androl. source
plainn = 85- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dust ingestion is a major source of exposure to phthalates in infants and toddlers, whereas diet is the major source for children and adults.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 2. Sources of Phthalates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] Tran, 2015, Occurrence of phthalate diesters in particulate and vapor phases in indoor air and implications for human exposure in Albany, New York, USA, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“elevated exposure to phthalates, especially DEHP, in neonates admitted to intensive care units was reported (median: 42 µg/kg bw/day; 95th percentile: 1780 µg/kg bw/day) [149], and the exposure dose was higher than the RfD.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.1. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [149] Koch, 2006, Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP): Human metabolism and internal exposure—An update and latest results, Int. J. Androl. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“allergy, and asthma”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Human exposure to phthalates arises mainly from ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption [17,18].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Guo, 2013, A survey of phthalates and parabens in personal care products from the United States and its implications for human exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Guo, 2014, Phthalates and parabens in personal care products from China: Concentrations and human exposure, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Phthalates are diesters of phthalic acid (1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid) and are synthetic organic chemicals used in industries as solvents, plasticizers, and additives in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics or personal care products (PCPs) [1].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Latini, 2005, Monitoring phthalate exposure in humans, Clin. Chim. Acta source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“overweight/obesity”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some phthalates, such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), undergo secondary metabolism, including oxidative transformation, prior to urinary excretion.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The occurrence of phthalates and their metabolites in urine, serum, breast milk, and semen has been widely reported.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although current exposure doses in the general population are below the tolerance limits reported by environmental agencies, certainly population groups, especially children, are exposed to high levels of phthalates.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.1. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“MBP was found in >93% of amniotic fluid samples collected from the US [59] at concentrations two- to threefold lower than those of serum and four- to sevenfold lower than those of urine [59].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.3. Phthalate Metabolites in Amniotic Fluid, Breast Milk, Semen, and Saliva
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Silva, 2004, Detection of phthalate metabolites in human amniotic fluid, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because phthalates have a short half-life in human bodies and are excreted quickly in urine as monoester metabolites, the metabolites are suitable biomarkers for human exposure to parent compounds.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.1. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Salivary concentrations of phthalate metabolites in 39 adult volunteers were in the ranges of <1 to 10.6 µg/L for PA, 91.4 µg/L for MEP, 65.8 µg/L for MBP, and 354 µg/L for MBzP.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.3. Phthalate Metabolites in Amniotic Fluid, Breast Milk, Semen, and Saliva
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Silva, 2005, Detection of phthalate metabolites in human saliva, Arch. Toxicol. source
plainn = 39- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The oxidative metabolites, MEOHP, MEHHP, MECPP, and MCMHP, however, are the major metabolites of DEHP and are appropriate biomarkers of exposure to this compound [21].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.1. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Silva, 2007, Quantification of 22 phthalate metabolites in human urine, J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Studies have reported the occurrence of phthalates in breast milk [158]; the reported concentrations in breast milk were much lower than those in urine but similar to those in amniotic fluid.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.3. Phthalate Metabolites in Amniotic Fluid, Breast Milk, Semen, and Saliva
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [158] Kim, 2015, Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in breast milk in Korea: Estimating exposure to phthalates and potential risks among breast-fed infants, Sci. Total Environ. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Studies indicated that children are prone to exposure to DEHP, BzBP, DBP, and DEP and that exposure was associated with allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and conjunctivitis [202].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 4. Select Epidemiological Studies Linking Phthalate Exposure and Health Outcomes > 4.3. Allergy and Asthma
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [202] Shibata, 2014, Exposure to house dust phthalates in relation to asthma and allergies in both children and adults, Sci. Total Environ.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a class of well-studied endocrine disrupting chemicals, exposure to phthalates has been linked to sex anomalies, endometriosis, altered reproductive development, early puberty and fertility, breast and skin cancer, allergy and asthma, overweight and obesity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 4. Select Epidemiological Studies Linking Phthalate Exposure and Health Outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exposure to MEP, MiBP, and MBP pose an increased risk of pregnancy loss in Chinese women.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 4. Select Epidemiological Studies Linking Phthalate Exposure and Health Outcomes > 4.4. Reproductive Health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although studies have reported the occurrence of phthalate metabolites in other human specimens, including serum, seminal plasma, and amniotic fluid, the relevance of these matrices in understanding toxic effects needs further investigation.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 5. Conclusions and Perspectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Biomonitoring studies clearly demonstrate that human exposures are almost ubiquitous, and, in most cases, children have higher exposures than do adults.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 5. Conclusions and Perspectives
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a lack of biomonitoring data on phthalate exposures in developing countries in Africa and South America.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 5. Conclusions and Perspectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although biomonitoring studies select major biomarkers/metabolites of phthalates, several other intermediate and transformation products of phthalates appear to exist in human specimens.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 5. Conclusions and Perspectives
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These intermediates may have more pronounced effects on health.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 5. Conclusions and Perspectives
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because humans are exposed to thousands of harmful chemicals, establishing the link between exposure to a single substance class and adverse health outcomes is fraught with uncertainties.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 4. Select Epidemiological Studies Linking Phthalate Exposure and Health Outcomes > 4.4. Reproductive Health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Humans are exposed to thousands of harmful chemicals.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Robust analytical methods exist to measure more than 20 phthalate metabolites in urine, a preferred matrix of choice for biomonitoring studies.”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 5. Conclusions and Perspectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Urine is a preferred matrix of choice for biomonitoring studies.
The paper relies on this without support.
Food intake is the main source of phthalate exposure for high molecular weight phthalates.
“Food intake is the main source of phthalate exposure (for high molecular weight phthalates).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Humans are exposed to thousands of harmful chemicals.
“Because humans are exposed to thousands of harmful chemicals”
The paper relies on this without support.
Biomonitoring studies of human phthalate exposure have been based on urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites.
“The biomonitoring studies of human phthalate exposure have been based on urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Urine is a preferred matrix of choice for biomonitoring studies.
“a preferred matrix of choice for biomonitoring studies”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Maternal urinary concentrations of MEHHP and MEOHP in Korea were 17.7 and 14.7 µg/L, respectively, which were two- to threefold higher than those found in newborns (5.79 and 3.27 µg/L) [144].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.1. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
Reported 3 · recomputed 4.495413
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 4. Select Epidemiological Studies Linking Phthalate Exposure and Health Outcomes > 4.4. Reproductive Health
“Significantly higher concentrations of DEHP (4.66 µg/mL) and MEHP (3.19 µg/mL) were found in the urine of 40 Turkish boys with gynecomastia as compared to that of control groups [207].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > References
“207. Durmaz E. Özmert E.N. Erkekoğlu P. Giray B. Derman O. Hıncal F. Yurdakök K. Plasma phthalate levels in pubertal gynecomastia Pediatrics 2010”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates
“In milk and serum samples, the concentrations of phthalate diesters and their metabolites were below the method limit of detection (0.12–3.0 µg/L).”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.2. Phthalate Metabolites in Serum
“MBP, MEHP, MEP, and MiBP were detected in blood serum at median concentrations of 0.54 0.49, 0.50, and 0.5 µg/L, respectively [24]”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.1. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
“Urine samples collected from 32 men and 53 women (age: 7–64 years) from northern Bavaria (Germany) contained MBP (median: 181 µg/L), MEP (90.2 µg/L), and major DEHP metabolites, such as MEHHP (46.8 µg/L) and MEOHP (36.5 µg/L) [86].”
§ A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures > 3. Biomonitoring of Phthalates > 3.1. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
“The median concentrations of DEHP metabolites, namely, MEHP, MEOHP, and MEHHP, were 4.5, 28.3, and 35.9 µg/L, respectively, and these three metabolites were highly intercorrelated.”
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, Y., Zhu, H., & Kannan, K.
- Affiliations
- New York State Department of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kannan, Kurunthachalam
- Venue
- Toxics
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-04-05
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 21
- ISSN
- 2305-6304 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6630674
- OpenAlex
- W2929721361
- Semantic Scholar
- cf9640de1512facd0df673c4f5e85b1fad74f893
- Cited by
- 755
- References
- 212
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 29.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Toxics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- phthalates, human biomonitoring, urinary phthalate metabolites, DEHP, dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, endocrine disruption, reproductive toxicity, exposure trends, children's exposure, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, asthma, allergy, plasticizers
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