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Cited by 571Stress Responses and CortisolSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Stress and the HPA axis: role of glucocorticoids in alcohol dependence

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Stephens, MA·2012·Alcohol Research: Current Reviews
DOI 10.35946/arcr.v34.4.11PMC PMC3860380
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Abstract

Stress has long been suggested to be an important correlate of uncontrolled drinking and relapse. An important hormonal response system to stress-the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-may be involved in this process, particularly stress hormones known as glucocorticoids and primarily cortisol. The actions of this hormone system normally are tightly regulated to ensure that the body can respond quickly to stressful events and return to a normal state just as rapidly. The main determinants of HPA axis activity are genetic background, early-life environment, and current life stress. Alterations in HPA axis regulation are associated with problematic alcohol use and dependence; however, the nature of this dysregulation appears to vary with respect to stage of alcohol dependence. Much of this research has focused specifically on the role of cortisol in the risk for, development of, and relapse to chronic alcohol use. These studies found that cortisol can interact with the brain's reward system, which may contribute to alcohol's reinforcing effects. Cortisol also can influence a person's cognitive processes, promoting habit-based learning, which may contribute to habit formation and risk of relapse. Finally, cortisol levels during abstinence may be useful clinical indicators of relapse vulnerability in alcohol-dependent people.

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  • ACTH induces synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and adrenal androgens from the adrenal cortex into blood circulation.

    “In response, ACTH induces the synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rodents), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), and adrenal androgens, which are released from the adrenal cortex into the blood circulation [3,4].”

    From Stress and the HPA Axis: Balancing Homeostasis and Fertility. (2017) · cites this paper as [3]

    The “Physiology of the HPA Axis” section states that ACTH induces glucocorticoid synthesis and release from the adrenal glands, identifying cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rodents (page unavailable). It does not say that ACTH induces mineralocorticoid or adrenal androgen secretion, or specify the adrenal cortex as the release site. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Activation of the HPA axis triggers PVN neurons to release CRH and AVP, which stimulate the anterior pituitary to produce and secrete ACTH.

    “Activation of the HPA axis triggers neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus to release corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), which stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to produce and secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) [3].”

    From Stress and the HPA Axis: Balancing Homeostasis and Fertility. (2017) · cites this paper as [3]

  • The HpA axis is a hormonal system that controls stress responses and affects several hormonal behaviours.

    “The HpA axis is a hormonal system that controls stress responses [106] and affects several hormonal behaviours [107, 108].”

    From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [106]

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Authors
Stephens, M.
Venue
Alcohol Research: Current Reviews
Publisher
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Published
2012
Volume
34
Issue
4
Pages
468
ISSN
  • 2168-3492 (ISSN-L)
  • 2169-4796
DOI
10.35946/arcr.v34.4.11
PMC
PMC3860380
OpenAlex
W1587734848
Cited by
571
References
22
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FWCI
4.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
public-domain
Locations
  • Alcohol research (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed
Funders
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R37AA012303, R01AA010158)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords
alcoholism, stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoids, cortisol, relapse, habit formation, abstinence, early life environment, genetic background, stress hormones
MeSH terms
Ethanol, Alcoholic Intoxication, Alcoholism, Central Nervous System Depressants, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Stress, Psychological, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Epigenesis, Genetic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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