Diminished neural responses predict enhanced intrinsic motivation and sensitivity to external incentive
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The duration and quality of human performance depend on both intrinsic motivation and external incentives. However, little is known about the neuroscientific basis of this interplay between internal and external motivators. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural substrates of intrinsic motivation, operationalized as the free-choice time spent on a task when this was not required, and tested the neural and behavioral effects of external reward on intrinsic motivation. We found that increased duration of free-choice time was predicted by generally diminished neural responses in regions associated with cognitive and affective regulation. By comparison, the possibility of additional reward improved task accuracy, and specifically increased neural and behavioral responses following errors. Those individuals with the smallest neural responses associated with intrinsic motivation exhibited the greatest error-related neural enhancement under the external contingency of possible reward. Together, these data suggest that human performance is guided by a "tonic" and "phasic" relationship between the neural substrates of intrinsic motivation (tonic) and the impact of external incentives (phasic).
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The undermining effect of extrinsic rewards is not universal.
“However, the undermining effect of extrinsic rewards is not universal (Eisenberger, Pierce, and Cameron, 1999;Lutz, Pedroni, Nadig, Luechinger, & Jäncke, 2012;Marsden, Ma, Deci, Ryan, & Chiu, 2015).”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Marsden, Ma, Deci, Ryan, & Chiu, 2015
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Saito, H., Kobayashi, H., Yatsu, J., & Obayashi, S. (2022) · Case Reports in Neurological Medicine · doi:10.1155/2022/4828549
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Hu, Z., & Yang, J. (2025) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-025-00374-7
Prettyman, G. E., Kales, E., Didier, P. R., Savage, C., Levinson, T. G., Rosenbaum, S., Leme, L. F. V. D. M., Kable, J. W., Moore, T. M., Satterthwaite, T. D., et al. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.04.004
Hackman, N., Neukam, P. T., Beltran, J., Li, M., Chowdhury, A., Treadway, M. T., Murrough, J. W., & Morris, L. S. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.07.013
- Authors
- Marsden, K. E., Ma, W. J., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., & Chiu, P. H.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- New York University (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Carilion Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chiu, Pearl H.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2014-10-28
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 276-286
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- PMC
- PMC4412758
- OpenAlex
- W2008633747
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (MH091872)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH082998, R01MH091872, K02MH082998, MH 074807, MH086811, R01MH087692, K01MH086811, R01MH074807)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Keywords
- intrinsic motivation, extrinsic rewards, task accuracy
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Choice Behavior, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motivation, Oxygen, Predictive Value of Tests, Problem Solving, Reaction Time, Reward, Linear Models, Principal Component Analysis
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