The Inherent Reward of Choice
Open accessAbstract
Research suggests that the exercise of control is desirable and adaptive, but the precise mechanisms underlying the affective value of control are not well understood. The study reported here characterized the affective experience of personal control by examining the neural substrates recruited when individuals anticipate the opportunity to make a choice—in other words, when they anticipate the means for exercising control. We used an experimental paradigm that probed the value of having a choice. Participants reported liking cues that predicted a future opportunity to make a choice more than cues that predicted no choice. The anticipation of choice itself was associated with increased activity in corticostriatal regions, particularly the ventral striatum, involved in affective and motivational processes. This study is the first direct examination of the affective value of having the opportunity to choose. These findings have important implications for understanding the role of perception of control, and choice itself, in self-regulatory processes.
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In healthy controls, personally chosen vs. passively received rewards elicit stronger activation in the striatum (ventral and dorsal) and PFC (inferior frontal gyrus), which is inversely related to depressive symptoms.
“studies in healthy controls have shown that personally chosen vs. passively received rewards elicit stronger activation in the striatum (ventral and dorsal) and PFC (inferior frontal gyrus) [212-215], which is inversely related to depressive symptoms [212].”
From Prefrontal cortex and depression (2022) · cites this paper as [213]
The Results (Neuroimaging Results; page unavailable) report greater ventral-striatal activity for Choice than No-choice cues, and main effects of cue type in dorsal striatum and right inferior frontal cortex. The study measured anticipation of an opportunity to choose, not activation elicited by receipt of personally chosen rewards. Our copy does not report an inverse relationship with depressive symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAllowing individuals to exercise control over the environment may satisfy a basic psychological need and may be a biological necessity.
“Allowing individuals to exercise control over the environment may not only satisfy a basic psychological need (Deci & Ryan, 2000;2008;White, 1959) but may be a biological necessity (Leotti & Delgado, 2011;Leotti, Iyengar, Ochsner, 2010).”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Leotti & Delgado, 2011
Reward circuitry can be activated in the absence of extrinsic incentives when simply making a choice and when difficulty is greater.
“Reward circuitry can be activated in the absence of extrinsic incentives when simply making a choice (Leotti and Delgado, 2011) and when difficulty is greater (Schouppe et al., 2014).”
From Effects of incentives, age, and behavior on brain activation during inhibitory control: a longitudinal fMRI study (2015) · cites this paper as Leotti and Delgado, 2011
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- Authors
- Leotti, L. A., & Delgado, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Delgado, Mauricio R.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-09-19
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1310-1318
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC3391581
- OpenAlex
- W2147877980
- Cited by
- 318
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 6.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-084041, R01MH084081, R21MH084041)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-027764, F32DA027308, R01DA027764)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- perceived control, personal control, ventral striatum, corticostriatal circuits, self-regulation, motivation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Choice Behavior, Cues, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motivation, Reward, Task Performance and Analysis, Young Adult
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