An automated version of the operation span task
Open accessAbstract
We present an easy-to-administer and automated version of a popular working memory (WM) capacity task (operation span; Ospan) that is mouse driven, scores itself, and requires little intervention on the part of the experimenter. It is shown that this version of Ospan correlates well with other measures of WM capacity and has both good internal consistency (alpha = .78) and test-retest reliability (.83). In addition, the automated version of Ospan (Aospan) was shown to load on the same factor as two other WM measures. This WM capacity factor correlated with a factor composed of fluid abilities measures. The utility of the Aospan was further demonstrated by analyzing response times (RTs) that indicated that RT measures obtained in the task accounted for additional variance in predicting fluid abilities. Our results suggest that Aospan is a reliable and valid indicator of WM capacity that can be applied to a wide array of research domains.
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The OSpan task is a prominent measure of working memory capacity and assesses the ability to keep track of task-relevant information while engaging in complex cognitive tasks.
“The OSpan task, a prominent measure of WMC, assesses the ability to keep track of task-relevant information while engaging in complex cognitive tasks.”
From Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One’s Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity (2017) · cites this paper as Unsworth et al. 2005
The Automated Operation Span task is highly correlated with other measures of working memory.
“This task is highly correlated with other measures of working memory [33,42].”
From Dual N-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. (2016) · cites this paper as [42]
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Vartanian, O., Replete, V., Saint, S. A., Lam, Q., Forbes, S., Beaudoin, M. E., Brunyé, T. T., Bryant, D. J., Feltman, K. A., Heaton, K. J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.868001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cognitive fatigue weakens the effects of distraction on pain
Vogel, T. A., Desjardins, S., Chabot, B., Otto, A. R., Falk, C. F., & Roy, M. (2023) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002985 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Which “working memory” are we talking about? Complex span tasks versus N-back
Burgoyne, A. P., Frank, D. J., & Macnamara, B. N. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02622-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
O’Connor, E. J., Crozier, A. J., Murphy, A., & Immink, M. A. (2022) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125221087523 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Stenlund, T., & Jonsson, B. (2017) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2017.00002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Placekeeping Ability as a Component of Fluid Intelligence: Not Just Working Memory Capacity
Burgoyne, A. P., Hambrick, D. Z., & Altmann, E. M. (2019) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.132.4.0439 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Do speech features for detecting cognitive load depend on specific languages?
Chen, R., Xie, T., Xie, Y., Lin, T., & Tang, N. (2016) · Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction · doi:10.1145/2993148.2993149 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Testing the testing effect with advanced materials while accounting for individual differences
Redifer, J. L., Myers, S. J., Bae, C. L., Naas, A., & Scott, A. (2026) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-025-09758-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Broad and sustained transfer effects of executive n-back working memory training
Cao, D.-Y., Zhang, T.-N., Zhang, Y., Zhang, E., & Zhang, G.-L. (2026) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-025-02773-8
- Authors
- Unsworth, N., Heitz, R. P., Schrock, J. C., & Engle, R. W.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Maryville College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Engle, Randall W.
- ORCID
- Engle, Randall W.
- Venue
- Behavior Research Methods
- Published
- 2005-08
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 498-505
- ISSN
- 1554-351X (ISSN-L)
- 1554-3528
- OpenAlex
- W2134066710
- Cited by
- 1,861
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 126 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 129 · 2016: 126 · 2015: 151 · 2014: 118 · 2013: 101 · 2012: 84
- FWCI
- 20.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Behavior Research Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620, F49620-00-1-131)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- operation span, working memory capacity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, factor structure, fluid intelligence, reaction time (psychology), psychometric validation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Electronic Data Processing, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Reaction Time
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