The gravitational force field of the Galaxy measured from the kinematics of RR Lyrae in Gaia
Open accessAbstract
From a sample of 15651 RR Lyrae with accurate proper motions in Gaia DR2, we measure the azimuthally averaged kinematics of the inner stellar halo between 1.5 and 20 kpc from the Galactic centre. We find that their kinematics are strongly radially anisotropic, and their velocity ellipsoid nearly spherically aligned over this volume. Only in the inner regions ${\lesssim } 5\, {\rm kpc}\,$ does the anisotropy significantly fall (but still with β > 0.25) and the velocity ellipsoid tilt towards cylindrical alignment. In the inner regions, our sample of halo stars rotates at up to $50\, {\rm km}\, {\rm s}^{-1}\,$, which may reflect the early history of the Milky Way, although there is also a significant angular momentum exchange with the Galactic bar at these radii. We subsequently apply the Jeans equations to these kinematic measurements in order to non-parametrically infer the azimuthally averaged gravitational acceleration field over this volume, and by removing the contribution from baryonic matter, measure the contribution from dark matter. We find that the gravitational potential of the dark matter is nearly spherical with average flattening $q_\Phi ={1.01 \pm 0.06\, }$ between 5 and 20 kpc, and by fitting parametric ellipsoidal density profiles to the acceleration field, we measure the flattening of the dark matter halo over these radii to be $q_\rho ={1.00 \pm 0.09\, }\!.$
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The Stellar Metallicity Distribution of the Galactic Halo Based on SCUSS and SDSS Data
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A geometric distance measurement to the Galactic center black hole with 0.3% uncertainty
The GRAVITY Collaboration, Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Bauböck, M., Berger, J. P., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Clénet, Y., Coudé du Foresto, V., de Zeeuw, P. T., et al. (2019) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935656 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
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The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benítez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1017 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
The Milky Way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
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The shape of the Galactic halo with<i>Gaia</i>DR2 RR Lyrae. Anatomy of an ancient major merger
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Generalized Rotation Curves of the Milky Way from the GAIA DR3 Data Set: Constraints on Mass Models
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Melchiorri, A., & Ruchika (2026) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2026.101758
- Authors
- Wegg, C., Gerhard, O., & Bieth, M.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- TNG Technology Consulting, Betastr. 13a, D-85774 Unterföhring, Germany
- Corresponding author
- Wegg, Christopher
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-02-26
- Volume
- 485
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 3296-3316
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2952573599
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 8.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 research (798384)
- European Space Agency
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX08AR22G)
- National Science Foundation (AST-1238877)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Keywords
- Milky Way gravitational potential, dark matter halos, RR Lyrae stars, Jeans equation, halo density profiles, halo flattening, galactic bars, angular momentum exchange
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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