Evidence for two early accretion events that built the Milky Way stellar halo
Open accessAbstract
The Gaia Sausage is the major accretion event that built the stellar halo of the Milky Way galaxy. Here, we provide dynamical and chemical evidence for a second substantial accretion episode, distinct from the Gaia Sausage. The Sequoia Event provided the bulk of the high-energy retrograde stars in the stellar halo, as well as the recently discovered globular cluster FSR 1758. There are up to six further globular clusters, including ω Centauri, as well as many of the retrograde substructures in Myeong et al., associated with the progenitor dwarf galaxy, named the Sequoia. The stellar mass in the Sequoia galaxy is ∼5 × 10 M⊙ , whilst the total mass is ∼1010 M⊙ , as judged from abundance matching or from the total sum of the globular cluster mass. Although clearly less massive than the Sausage, the Sequoia has a distinct chemodynamical signature. The strongly retrograde Sequoia stars have a typical eccentricity of ∼0.6, whereas the Sausage stars have no clear net rotation and move on predominantly radial orbits. On average, the Sequoia stars have lower metallicity by ∼0.3 dex and higher abundance ratios as compared to the Sausage. We conjecture that the Sausage and the Sequoia galaxies may have been associated and accreted at a comparable epoch.
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A possible scenario is that Sequoia exists as a clump of high-energy retrograde stars truly distinct from Gaia-Enceladus, but with a smaller extent than originally proposed.
“A possible scenario to explain the findings reported in this section is the existence of (a bonsai) Sequoia, as embodied by a clump of high-energy retrograde stars that is truly distinct from Gaia-Enceladus (because of the differing [Na/Fe] abundances reported by Matsuno et al. 2019), but whose extent is smaller than that originally proposed by Myeong et al. (2019).”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Myeong et al. (2019)
Sequoia has been proposed to have been accreted 9-11 Gyr ago by Myeong et al. (2019).
“Sequoia, which has been proposed to have been accreted 9 11 Gyr ago (Myeong et al. 2019)”
From Kraken reveals itself – the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations (2020) · cites this paper as Myeong et al. 2019
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“…stars (Belokurov et al. 2018; Myeong et al. 2018c), the Sausage debris has now been found over a large distance range with a number of distinct tracers, including Blue Horizontal Branch stars (Deason et al. 2018; Lancaster et al. 2018) and RR Lyrae (Simion et al. 2019; Iorio & Belokurov 2019).”
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Romano, D., Matteucci, F., Tosi, M., et al. (2007) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11446.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Searching for the GD-1 stream progenitor inGaiaDR2 with directN-body simulations
Webb, J. J., & Bovy, J. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz867 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
THE OXYGEN VERSUS SODIUM (ANTI)CORRELATION(S) IN ω Cen
D'Antona, F. A., D’Ercole, A., Marino, A. F., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/736/1/5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Star Clusters in Evolving Galaxies
Renaud, F. (2018) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2018.03.001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Buder, S., LIND, K., Ness, M., Asplund, M., Duong, L., Lin, J., Kos, J., Casagrande, L., Casey, A. R., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., et al. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833218/pdf · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The chemical evolution of Omega Centauri's progenitor systemPreprint
Romano, D., Matteucci, F., Tosi, M., et al. (2007) · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Chemical enrichment mechanisms inωCentauri: clues from neutron-capture elements
D’Orazi, V., Gratton, R., Pancino, E., et al. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117630 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Population studies - Evidence for accretion of the galactic halo
Norris, J. E., & Ryan, S. G. (1989) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/185351 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Modelling the chemical evolution of Centauri using three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations
Marcolini, A., Sollima, A., D’Ercole, A., Gibson, B. K., & Ferraro, F. R. (2007) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12386.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hénault-Brunet, V., Gieles, M., Sollima, A., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3187 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
THE KAPTEYN MOVING GROUP IS NOT TIDAL DEBRIS FROMωCENTAURI
Navarrete, C., Chanamé, J., Ramírez, I., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/1/103 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The retrograde orbit of the globular cluster FSR1758 revealed with Gaia DR2
Simpson, J. D. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1699 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Magellanic Group and the Seven Dwarfs
D’Onghia, E., & Lake, G. (2008) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921308028883 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Identification of the Long Stellar Stream of the Prototypical Massive Globular Cluster $ω$ CentauriPreprint
Ibata, R., Bellazzini, M., Malhan, K., et al. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1902.09544 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Malhan K., Ibata R. A., Carlberg R. G., Valluri M., Freese K., 2019, arXiv:1903.08141, · arXiv
- Simpson J. D., 2019, arXiv:1902.00447, · arXiv
- Vasiliev E., 2018, arXiv:1811.05345, · arXiv
- Vincenzo F., Spitoni E., Calura F., Matteucci F., Aguirre V. S., Miglio A., Cescutti G., 2019, arXiv:1903.03465, · arXiv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Origin of the system of globular clusters in the Milky Way
Massari, D., Koppelman, H. H., & Helmi, A. (2019) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936135 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way
Helmi, A. (2020) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021917 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Kruijssen, J. M. D., Pfeffer, J. L., Chevance, M., Bonaca, A., Trujillo-Gomez, S., Bastian, N., Reina-Campos, M., Crain, R. A., & Hughes, M. E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2452 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“In addition to Kraken, Gaia-Enceladus, and Sagittarius, Massari et al. (2019) find that the satellite branch accommodates GCs from two other accreted satellites, i.e. the progenitor of the ‘Helmi streams’ (Helmi et al. 1999) and ‘Sequoia’ (Myeong et al. 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialReverse engineering the Milky Way
Forbes, D. A. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa245 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
The total stellar halo mass of the Milky Way
Deason, A. J., Belokurov, V., & Sanders, J. L. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2793 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Myeong, G. C., Vasiliev, E., Iorio, G., Evans, N. W., & Belokurov, V
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Myeong, G C
- Evans, N W
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-07-01
- Volume
- 488
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1235-1247
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2930623218
- Cited by
- 505
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 26
- FWCI
- 37.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Science and Technology Facilities Council
- Royal Society
- European Research Council (308024)
- Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007–2013)
- European Space Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Milky Way stellar halo, globular clusters, Omega Centauri, chemodynamics, orbital eccentricity, metallicity, abundance ratios, dwarf galaxy accretion, halo substructure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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