The local high-velocity tail and the Galactic escape speed
Open accessAbstract
We model the fastest moving (|$v_{\rm tot} \gt 300 \, {\rm km}\, \, {\rm s}^{-1}$|) local (D ≲ 3 kpc) halo stars using cosmological simulations and six-dimensional Gaia data. Our approach is to use our knowledge of the assembly history and phase-space distribution of halo stars to constrain the form of the high-velocity tail of the stellar halo. Using simple analytical models and cosmological simulations, we find that the shape of the high-velocity tail is strongly dependent on the velocity anisotropy and number density profile of the halo stars – highly eccentric orbits and/or shallow density profiles have more extended high-velocity tails. The halo stars in the solar vicinity are known to have a strongly radial velocity anisotropy, and it has recently been shown the origin of these highly eccentric orbits is the early accretion of a massive (|$M_{\rm star}\sim 10^9 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$|) dwarf satellite. We use this knowledge to construct a prior on the shape of the high-velocity tail. Moreover, we use the simulations to define an appropriate outer boundary of 2r200, beyond which stars can escape. After applying our methodology to the Gaia data, we find a local (r0 = 8.3 kpc) escape speed of |$v_{\rm esc}(r_0) = 528^{+24}_{-25} \, {\rm km}\, \, {\rm s}^{-1}$|. We use our measurement of the escape velocity to estimate the total Milky Way mass, and dark halo concentration: |$M_{200, \rm tot} = 1.00^{+0.31}_{-0.24} \times 10^{12}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$|, |$c_{200}=10.9^{+4.4}_{-3.3}$|. Our estimated mass agrees with recent results in the literature that seem to be converging on a Milky Way mass of |$M_{200, \rm tot} \sim 10^{12}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$|.
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Gaia measurements of high-velocity stars give v_esc(R0) = 528 +24 -25 km/s.
“Gaia measurements of high-velocity stars (Deason et al., 2019) give v esc ( R 0 ) = 528 + 24 -25 kms -1”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Deason et al., 2019
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McMillan, P. J. (2018) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/aaca93 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Tremaine, S. D. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3971-4_30 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The velocity of escape from the Galaxy in the solar neighbourhood
Alexander, J. B. (1982) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/201.3.579 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Binney J., Tremaine S., 1987, Galactic dynamics. Princeton University Press
- Di Matteo P., Haywood M., Lehnert M. D., Katz D., Khoperskov S., Snaith O. N., Gómez A., Robichon N., 2018, arXiv e-prints,
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benítez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1017 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“The MW also has a stellar halo, but its mass is insignificant, roughly 3 percent of the total Galactic stellar mass (Deason et al. 2019a), and thus we neglect this Galactic component.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Milky Way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benitez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.04557 · Cited by 335
Self-citationAll-sky dynamical response of the galactic halo to the large magellanic cloud
Conroy, C., Naidu, R. P., Garavito-Camargo, N., Besla, G., Zaritsky, D., Bonaca, A., & Johnson, B. D. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03385-7 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Machine Learning the Dark Matter Halo Mass of Milky Way-Like Systems
Hayati, E., Behroozi, P., & Patel, E. (2024) · The Open Journal of Astrophysics · doi:10.33232/001c.116178 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Melchiorri, A., & Ruchika (2026) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2026.101758
“Gaia measurements of high-velocity stars (Deason et al., 2019) give v esc ( R 0 ) = 528 + 24 − 25 km s − 1 , providing an important complementary constraint.”
- Authors
- Deason, A. J., Fattahi, A., Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W., Grand, R. J. J., Marinacci, F., & Pakmor, R.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (DE)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Deason, Alis J
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-03-02
- Volume
- 485
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 3514-3526
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2908745213
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 15
- FWCI
- 9.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/P000541/1, ST/H008519/1, ST/K003267/1)
- European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (308024, 609412)
- European Space Agency
- Durham University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- stellar halo, Milky Way mass, velocity anisotropy, eccentric orbits, halo density profiles, Gaia data, cosmological simulations, halo stars
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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