Short-term weight loss and hepatic triglyceride reduction: evidence of a metabolic advantage with dietary carbohydrate restriction
Open accessAbstract
Background Individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have excess intrahepatic triglycerides. This is due, in part, to increased hepatic synthesis of fat from carbohydrates via lipogenesis. Although weight loss is currently recommended to treat NAFLD, little attention has been given to dietary carbohydrate restriction.Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of 2 wk of dietary carbohydrate and calorie restriction at reducing hepatic triglycerides in subjects with NAFLD.Design Eighteen NAFLD subjects (n = 5 men and 13 women) with a mean (±SD) age of 45 ± 12 y and a body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 35 ± 7 consumed a carbohydrate-restricted (<20 g/d) or calorie-restricted (1200-1500 kcal/d) diet for 2 wk. Hepatic triglycerides were measured before and after intervention by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Results Mean (±SD) weight loss was similar between the groups (-4.0 ± 1.5 kg in the calorie-restricted group and -4.6 ± 1.5 kg in the carbohydrate-restricted group; P = 0.363). Liver triglycerides decreased significantly with weight loss (P < 0.001) but decreased significantly more (P = 0.008) in carbohydrate-restricted subjects (-55 ± 14%) than in calorie-restricted subjects (-28 ± 23%). Dietary fat (r = 0.643, P = 0.004), carbohydrate (r = -0.606, P = 0.008), posttreatment plasma ketones (r = 0.755, P = 0.006), and respiratory quotient (r = -0.797, P < 0.001) were related to a reduction in liver triglycerides. Plasma aspartate, but not alanine, aminotransferase decreased significantly with weight loss (P < 0.001).Conclusions Two weeks of dietary intervention (≈4.3% weight loss) reduced hepatic triglycerides by ≈42% in subjects with NAFLD; however, reductions were significantly greater with dietary carbohydrate restriction than with calorie restriction. This may have been due, in part, to enhanced hepatic and whole-body oxidation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01262326.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Rapidly digested, low-fiber carbohydrates drive many obesogenic pathways.
“Such rapidly digested, low-fiber carbohydrates drive many obesogenic pathways. 45, 46, 48-50”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [48]
Cites
Prevalence of Hepatic Steatosis in An Urban Population in the United States: Impact of Ethnicity
Browning, J. D., Szczepaniak, L. S., Dobbins, R., Nuremberg, P., Horton, J. D., Cohen, J. C., Grundy, S. M., & Hobbs, H. H. (2004) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20466 · Cited by 3,664 · see citing works
Self-citationDonnelly, K. L., Smith, C. I., Schwarzenberg, S. J., Jessurun, J., Boldt, M. D., & Parks, E. J. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci23621 · Cited by 3,604 · see citing works
Impaired Mitochondrial Activity in the Insulin-Resistant Offspring of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Petersen, K. F., Dufour, S., Befroy, D., Garcia, R., & Shulman, G. I. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa031314 · Cited by 2,193 · see citing works
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Summary of An Aasld Single Topic Conference
Neuschwander‐Tetri, B. A., & Caldwell, S. H. (2003) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50193 · Cited by 2,155 · see citing works
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities
Sanyal, A. J., Campbell–Sargent, C., Mirshahi, F., Rizzo, W. B., Contos, M. J., Sterling, R. K., Luketic, V. A., Shiffman, M. L., & Clore, J. N. (2001) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2001.23256 · Cited by 2,078 · see citing works
Szczepaniak, L. S., Nurenberg, P., Leonard, D. S., Browning, J. D., Reingold, J. S., Grundy, S. M., Hobbs, H. H., & Dobbins, R. L. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00064.2004 · Cited by 1,562 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketone body production
McGarry, J. D., & Foster, D. W. (1980) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.002143 · Cited by 1,460 · see citing works
Defective hepatic mitochondrial respiratory chain in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Pérez-Carreras, M., Del Hoyo, P., Martín, M. A., Rubio, J. C., Martín, A., Castellano, G., Colina, F., Arenas, J., & Solis-Herruzo, J. A. (2003) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.1840380426 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Measurement of intracellular triglyceride stores by H spectroscopy: validation in vivo
Szczepaniak, L. S., Babcock, E. E., Schick, F., Dobbins, R. L., Garg, A., Burns, D. K., McGarry, J. D., & Stein, D. T. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.5.e977 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
AST/ALT Ratio Predicts Cirrhosis in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Sheth, S. G., Flamm, S. L., Gordon, F. D., & Chopra, S. (1998) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.044_c.x · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Mitochondrial abnormalities in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Caldwell, S. H., Swerdlow, R. H., Khan, E. M., Iezzoni, J. C., Hespenheide, E. E., Parks, J. K., & Parker, W. D. (1999) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(99)80033-6 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Alterations in Liver ATP Homeostasis in Human Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Cortez‐Pinto, H., Chatham, J. C., Chacko, V. P., Arnold, C., Rashid, A., & Diehl, A. M. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.17.1659 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution
Atkins, R. C. (1973) · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Dietary fat and carbohydrates differentially alter insulin sensitivity during caloric restriction
Kirk, E., Reeds, D. N., Finck, B. N., Mayurranjan, M. S., Patterson, B. W., & Klein, S. (2009) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.048 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Diraison, F., Moulin, P., & Beylot, M. (2003) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70061-7 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Proton MR spectroscopy in quantitative in vivo determination of fat content in human liver steatosis
Longo, R., Pollesello, P., Ricci, C., Masutti, F., Kvam, B. J., Bercich, L., Crocè, L. S., Grigolato, P., Paoletti, S., de BERNARD, B., et al. (1995) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.1880050311 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Colles, S. L., Dixon, J. B., Marks, P., Strauss, B. J., & O’Brien, P. E. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.1.304 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Defective hepatic mitochondrial respiratory chain in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Pérez-Carreras, M. (2003) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50398 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Colles, S. L., Dixon, J. B., Marks, P., Strauss, B. J., & O’Brien, P. E. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.2.304 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Behavior therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The need for a multidisciplinary approach
Bellentani, S., Grave, R. D., Suppini, A., & Marchesini, G. (2007) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.22009 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
The Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Pilot Study
Tendler, D. A., Lin, S., Yancy, W. S., Mavropoulos, J. C., Sylvestre, P., Rockey, D. C., & Westman, E. C. (2007) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9433-5 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Edholm, D., Kullberg, J., Haenni, A., Karlsson, F. A., Ahlström, A., Hedberg, J., Ahlström, H. K., & Sundbom, M. (2010) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-010-0337-2 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Iozzo, P., Bucci, M., Roivainen, A., Någren, K., Järvisalo, M. J., Kišš, J., Guiducci, L., Fielding, B. A., Naum, A. S., Borra, R., et al. (2010) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.05.039 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Yu, X., McCorkle, S. K., Wang, M., Lee, Y., Li, J., Saha, A. K., Unger, R. H., & Ruderman, N. B. (2004) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1570-9 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Zhou, S., Gordon, R. E., Bradbury, M., Stump, D. D., Kiang, C. L., & Berk, P. D. (1998) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.510270423 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Johansson, L., Roos, M. W., Kullberg, J., Weis, J., Ahlström, H. K., Sundbom, M., Engström, B. E., & Karlsson, F. A. (2008) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-008-9484-0 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A low-carbohydrate diet rapidly and dramatically reduces intrahepatic triglyceride content
Browning, J. D., Davis, J., Saboorian, H. M., & Burgess, S. C. (2006) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.21264 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationBrowning, J. D., Weis, B. C., Davis, J., Satapati, S., Merritt, M. E., Malloy, C. R., & Burgess, S. C. (2008) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.22504 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationIde, T., NAKAZAWA, T., Mochizuki, T., & Murakami, K. (2000) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(00)80019-0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Schneider, A. R. J., Kraut, C., Lindenthal, B., Braden, B., Caspary, W. F., & Stein, J. M. (2005) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/00042737-200511000-00005 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mawatari, H., Inamori, M., Fujita, K., Yoneda, M., Iida, H., Endo, H., Hosono, K., Nozaki, Y., Yoneda, K., Akiyama, T., et al. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Rinella, M. E. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.5370 · Cited by 2,289 · see citing works
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
Multi-dimensional Roles of Ketone Bodies in Fuel Metabolism, Signaling, and Therapeutics
Puchalska, P., & Crawford, P. A. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.022 · Cited by 1,617 · see citing works
Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise
Romero-Gómez, M., Zelber-Sagi, S., & Trenell, M. (2017) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.016 · Cited by 1,347 · see citing works
EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma
Sangro, B., Argemi, J., Ronot, M., Paradis, V., Meyer, T., Mazzaferro, V., Jepsen, P., Golfieri, R., Galle, P., Dawson, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2024.08.028 · Cited by 985 · see citing works
ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in liver disease
Plauth, M., Bernal, W., Dasarathy, S., Merli, M., Plank, L. D., Schütz, T., & Bischoff, S. C. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.022 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Mardinoğlu, A., Wu, H., Björnson, E., Zhang, C., Hakkarainen, A., Räsänen, S., Lee, S., Mancina, R. M., Bergentall, M., Pietiläinen, K. H., et al. (2018) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.01.005 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Ketone body metabolism and cardiovascular disease
Cotter, D. G., Schugar, R. C., & Crawford, P. A. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00646.2012 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Zhu, H., Bi, D., Zhang, Y., Kong, C., Du, J., Wu, X., Wei, Q., & Qin, H. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00831-w · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Management of NAFLD: a stage-based approach
Rinella, M. E., & Sanyal, A. J. (2016) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.3 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition in liver disease
Bischoff, S. C., Bernal, W., Dasarathy, S., Merli, M., Plank, L. D., Schütz, T., & Plauth, M. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.001 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Role of Mitochondria in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Nassir, F., & Ibdah, J. A. (2014) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms15058713 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
AISF position paper on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Updates and future directions
Lonardo, A., Nascimbeni, F., Targher, G., Bernardi, M., Bonino, F., Bugianesi, E., Casini, A., Gastaldelli, A., Marchesini, G., Marra, F., et al. (2017) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2017.01.147 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Sullivan, S. A., Kirk, E. P., Mittendorfer, B., Patterson, B. W., & Klein, S. (2011) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.25548 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Evolution of NAFLD and Its Management
Mundi, M. S., Velapati, S. R., Patel, J. R., Kellogg, T. A., Dayyeh, B. K. A., & Hurt, R. T. (2019) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.10449 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Dietary carbohydrates and fats in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Yki-Järvinen, H., Luukkonen, P. K., Hodson, L., & Moore, J. B. (2021) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-021-00472-y · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Caprio, M., Infante, M., Moriconi, E., Armani, A., Fabbri, A., Mantovani, G., Mariani, S., Lubrano, C., Poggiogalle, E., Migliaccio, S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-019-01061-2 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
KASL clinical practice guidelines: Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Kang, S. H., Lee, H. W., Yoo, J., Cho, Y., Kim, S. U., Lee, T. H., Jang, B. K., Ahn, S. B., Ahn, S. B., Kim, H., et al. (2021) · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology · doi:10.3350/cmh.2021.0178 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Katsagoni, C. N., Georgoulis, M., Papatheodoridis, G. V., Panagiotakos, D. B., & Kontogianni, M. D. (2017) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.12.006 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Current efforts and trends in the treatment of NASH
Ratziu, V., Goodman, Z. D., & Sanyal, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.041 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Modulating Gut Microbiota to Improve Severity?
Aron‐Wisnewsky, J., Warmbrunn, M. V., Nieuwdorp, M., & Clément, K. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.049 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Nutritional ketosis for weight management and reversal of metabolic syndrome
Gershuni, V. M., Yan, S. L., & Medici, V. (2018) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-018-0235-0 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Gepner, Y., Shelef, I., Komy, O., Cohen, N., Schwarzfuchs, D., Bril, N., Rein, M., Serfaty, D., Kenigsbuch, S., Zelicha, H., et al. (2019) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.04.013 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Holmer, M., Lindqvist, C., Petersson, S., Moshtaghi-Svensson, J., Tillander, V., Brismar, T. B., Hagström, H., & Stål, P. (2021) · JHEP Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100256 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Watanabe, M., Tozzi, R., Risi, R., Tuccinardi, D., Mariani, S., Basciani, S., Spera, G., Lubrano, C., & Gnessi, L. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13024 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Effects of Ketogenic Diets on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Evidence from Animal and Human Studies
Kosinski, C., & Jornayvaz, F. R. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9050517 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Haigh, L., Kirk, C., El Gendy, K., Gallacher, J., Errington, L., Mathers, J. C., & Anstee, Q. M. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.06.037 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Wang, X., & Malhi, H. (2018) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/aitc201811060 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Effects of dietary intervention on human diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Xiao, Y.-L., Gong, Y., Qi, Y.-J., Shao, Z., & Jiang, Y.-Z. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01771-x · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: What the clinician needs to know
Machado, M. V. (2014) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12956 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Protein leverage and energy intake
Gosby, A. K., Conigrave, A. D., Raubenheimer, D., & Simpson, S. J. (2014) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12131 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Impaired ketogenesis and increased acetyl-CoA oxidation promote hyperglycemia in human fatty liver
Fletcher, J. A., Deja, S., Satapati, S., Fu, X., Burgess, S. C., & Browning, J. D. (2019) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.127737 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationInterorgan Metabolic Crosstalk in Human Insulin Resistance
Gancheva, S., Jeleník, T., Álvarez-Hernández, E., & Roden, M. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2017 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Diet and exercise in NAFLD/NASH: Beyond the obvious
Semmler, G., Datz, C., Reiberger, T., & Trauner, M. A. (2021) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.15024 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Evidence that supports the prescription of low-carbohydrate high-fat diets: A narrative review
Noakes, T. D., & Windt, J. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096491 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Patel, N. S., Doycheva, I., Peterson, M. R., Hooker, J., Kisselva, T., Schnabl, B., Seki, E., Sirlin, C. B., & Loomba, R. (2015) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2014.08.039 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Ma, W., Wu, J. H. Y., Wang, Q., Lemaître, R. N., Mukamal, K. J., Djoussé, L., King, I. B., Song, X., Biggs, M. L., Delaney, J. A., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.092601 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The Role of Diet and Nutrient Composition in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
McCarthy, E. M., & Rinella, M. E. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.10.007 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Ullah, R., Rauf, N., Nabi, G., Ullah, H., Shen, Y., Zhou, Y., & Fu, J. (2019) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.30121 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Nutritional Modulation of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance
Yki‐Järvinen, H. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7115454 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Dietary strategies to reduce metabolic syndrome
Andersen, C. J., & Fernández, M. L. (2013) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-013-9251-y · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Zelber‐Sagi, S., Godos, J., & Salomone, F. (2016) · Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1177/1756283x16638830 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Role of diet and lifestyle changes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Nseir, W., Hellou, E., & Assy, N. (2014) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i28.9338 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Mozaffarian, D. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmz053 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Cuthbertson, D. J., Shojaee-Moradie, F., Sprung, V. S., Jones, H., Pugh, C. J. A., Richardson, P., Kemp, G. J., Barrett, M., Jackson, N. C., Thomas, E. L., et al. (2016) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20150447 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
β-hydroxybutyrate and its metabolic effects on age-associated pathology
Han, Y., Ramprasath, T., & Zou, M. (2020) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-020-0415-z · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The Ketogenic Diet: Evidence for Optimism but High-Quality Research Needed
Ludwig, D. S. (2020) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz308 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Influence of Dietary Macronutrients on Liver Fat Accumulation and Metabolism
Parry, S. A., & Hodson, L. (2017) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.1136/jim-2017-000524 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The Influence of Dietary Fat on Liver Fat Accumulation
Green, C., & Hodson, L. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6115018 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Kenneally, S., Sier, J. H., & Moore, J. B. (2017) · BMJ Open Gastroenterology · doi:10.1136/bmjgast-2017-000139 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
A Fad too Far? Dietary Strategies for the Prevention and Treatment of NAFLD
Moore, M. P., Cunningham, R. P., Dashek, R. J., Mucinski, J. M., & Rector, R. S. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22964 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Schattenberg, J. M., & Schuppan, D. (2011) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e32834c7cfc · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Ketogenic Diet: A New Light Shining on Old but Gold Biochemistry
Longo, R., Peri, C., Cricrì, D., Coppi, L., Caruso, D., Mitro, N., Fabiani, E. D., & Crestani, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102497 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Croci, I., Byrne, N. M., Choquette, S., Hills, A. P., Chachay, V., Clouston, A. D., O'Moore‐Sullivan, T. M., Macdonald, G. A., Prins, J. B., & Hickman, I. J. (2012) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302789 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
KASL clinical practice guidelines: Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
(2013) · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology · doi:10.3350/cmh.2013.19.4.325 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Eslamparast, T., Tandon, P., & Raman, M. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080800 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Sargeant, J. A., Gray, L. J., Bodicoat, D. H., Willis, S. A., Stensel, D. J., Nimmo, M. A., Aithal, G. P., & King, J. A. (2018) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12719 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets, glucose homeostasis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Schugar, R. C., & Crawford, P. A. (2012) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e3283547157 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The influence of dietary fatty acids on liver fat content and metabolism
Hodson, L., Rosqvist, F., & Parry, S. A. (2019) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665119000569 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Insulin resistance and bariatric surgery
Rao, R. S., Yanagisawa, R. T., & Kini, S. U. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00955.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Mediterranean diet and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: New therapeutic option around the corner?
Sofi, F. (2014) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7339 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Emerging Role of Hepatic Ketogenesis in Fatty Liver Disease
Mooli, R. G. R., & Ramakrishnan, S. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.946474 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Effects of Periodic Fasting on Fatty Liver Index—A Prospective Observational Study
Drinda, S., Grundler, F., Neumann, T. E., Lehmann, T., Steckhan, N., Michalsen, A., & de Toledo, F. W. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112601 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Hydes, T., Ravi, S., Loomba, R. S., & Gray, M. E. (2020) · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology · doi:10.3350/cmh.2020.0067 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Paoli, A., Bianco, A., Moro, T., Mota, J. F., & Coelho‐Ravagnani, C. D. F. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15143120 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Williams, K. J., & Wu, X. (2016) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.004 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Ahn, J., Jun, D. W., Lee, H. Y., & Moon, J. H. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.022 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Ketogenic Diets and Exercise Performance
Harvey, K. L., Holcomb, L. E., & Kolwicz, S. C. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102296 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Linden, M. A., Fletcher, J. A., Morris, E. M., Meers, G. M.-E., Kearney, M. L., Crissey, J. M., Laughlin, M. H., Booth, F. W., Sowers, J. R., Ibdah, J. A., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00427.2013 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Utzschneider, K. M., Bayer-Carter, J. L., Arbuckle, M. D., Tidwell, J. M., Richards, T. L., & Craft, S. (2013) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512002966 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Smith, J. D., Hou, T., Hu, F. B., Rimm, E. B., Spiegelman, D. L., Willett, W. C., & Mozaffarian, D. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.115.214171 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Goss, A. M., Dowla, S. A., Pendergrass, M., Ashraf, A. P., Bolding, M., Morrison, S. A., Amerson, A., Soleymani, T., & Gower, B. A. (2020) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12630 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Kim, N. H., Kim, J. H., Kim, Y. J., Yoo, H. J., Kim, H. Y., Seo, J. A., Kim, N. H., Choi, K. M., Baik, S. H., Choi, D. S., et al. (2014) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.12454 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current concepts, epidemiology and management strategies
Tomic, D., Kemp, W. W., & Roberts, S. K. (2018) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000001235 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Paoli, A., & Cerullo, G. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12051065 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Faria, S. L., Faria, O. P., Cardeal, M. D. A., & Ito, M. (2014) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2014.06.007 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Moon, J. S., Hong, J. H., Jung, Y. J., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M. A., & Lim, S. K. (2022) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2022.03.005 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Beyond Body Weight-Loss: Dietary Strategies Targeting Intrahepatic Fat in NAFLD
Worm, N. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051316 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Lambert, J. E., Parnell, J. A., Eksteen, B., Raman, M., Bomhof, M. R., Rioux, K. P., Madsen, K. L., & Reimer, R. A. (2015) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-015-0400-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Brouwers, B., Schrauwen‐Hinderling, V. B., Jeleník, T., Gemmink, A., Sparks, L. M., Havekes, B., Bruls, Y. M. H., Dahlmans, D., Roden, M., Hesselink, M. K. C., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00266.2017 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Pinto, A. M., Bordoli, C., Buckner, L., Kim, C., Kaplan, P. C., del Arenal, I. M., Jeffcock, E. J., & Hall, W. L. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.07.014 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
von Loeffelholz, C., Coldewey, S. M., & Birkenfeld, A. L. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10071822 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Effects of Diet on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Siri‐Tarino, P. W. (2011) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-011-0207-y · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Haghighatdoost, F., Salehi‐Abargouei, A., Surkan, P. J., & Azadbakht, L. (2016) · Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/1735-1995.187269 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Saeed, N., Nadeau, B., Shannon, C., & Tincopa, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11123064 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An evidence-based clinical practice review
Arab, J. P. (2014) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.12182 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Foods, obesity, and diabetes—are all calories created equal?
Mozaffarian, D. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuw024 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Ross, A. B., Godin, J., Minehira, K., & Kirwan, J. P. (2013) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2013/585876 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Consumption Of Specific Foods And Beverages And Excess Weight Gain Among Children And Adolescents
Dong, D., Bilger, M., van Dam, R. M., & Finkelstein, E. A. (2015) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0434 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Understanding Dietary Intervention-Mediated Epigenetic Modifications in Metabolic Diseases
Asif, S., Morrow, N. M., Mulvihill, E. E., & Kim, K.-H. (2020) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.590369 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Parra-Vargas, M., Rodriguez‐Echevarría, R., & Jiménez‐Chillarón, J. C. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123860 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Metabolic Syndrome
Rahimi, R. S., & Landaverde, C. E. (2013) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533612470464 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Long, F., Bhatti, M. R., Kellenberger, A., Sun, W., Modica, S., Höring, M., Liebisch, G., Krieger, J.-P., Wolfrum, C., & Challa, T. D. (2023) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101675 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Lipidomes in health and disease: Analytical strategies and considerations
Wei, F., Lamichhane, S., Orešič, M., & Hyötyläinen, T. (2019) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2019.115664 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Agius, L. (2012) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.019 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
High Protein Diet and Metabolic Plasticity in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Myths and Truths
Chiara, F. D., Checcllo, C. U., & Ramón‐Azcón, J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11122985 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Guess, N. D. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10091245 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Dietary Patterns in Secondary Prevention of Heart Failure: A Systematic Review
Padilha, G. D. R., d’Almeida, K. S. M., Spillere, S. R., & Souza, G. C. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10070828 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Astrup, A. V., Bradley, B. H. R., Brenna, J. T., Delplanque, B., Ferry, M., & Torres‐Gonzalez, M. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8080463 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Crabtree, C. D., Kackley, M. L., Buga, A., Fell, B., LaFountain, R. A., Hyde, P. N., Sapper, T. N., Kraemer, W. J., SCANDLING, D. M., Simonetti, O. P., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030966 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
- Authors
- Browning, J. D., Baker, J. A., Rogers, T., Davis, J., Satapati, S., & Burgess, S. C.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1048-1052
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3076656
- OpenAlex
- W2129727129
- Cited by
- 328
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 14.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (PL1DK081182, DK082872, U01DK082872, PL1DK081183, RL1DK081187, K23DK074396, R01DK087977, R01DK078184)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (UL1DE019584)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR002584, UL1RR024982, RR‐02584)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic triglycerides, carbohydrate restriction, caloric restriction, weight loss, lipogenesis, ketones, respiratory quotient, transaminases, short-term dietary intervention, dietary fat intake, obesity, liver fat reduction, hepatic steatosis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diet, Reducing, Fatty Liver, Female, Humans, Ketones, Liver, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Triglycerides, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
