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Cited by 196Regulation of Appetite and ObesityNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorDietary Effects on Health

Protein leverage and energy intake

Gosby, A. K., Conigrave, A. D., Raubenheimer, D., Simpson, S. J.·2014·Obesity Reviews
DOI 10.1111/obr.12131
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Abstract

Summary: Increased energy intakes are contributing to overweight and obesity. Growing evidence supports the role of protein appetite in driving excess intake when dietary protein is diluted (the protein leverage hypothesis). Understanding the interactions between dietary macronutrient balance and nutrient‐specific appetite systems will be required for designing dietary interventions that work with, rather than against, basic regulatory physiology. Data were collected from 38 published experimental trials measuring ad libitum intake in subjects confined to menus differing in macronutrient composition. Collectively, these trials encompassed considerable variation in percent protein (spanning 8–54% of total energy), carbohydrate (1.6–72%) and fat (11–66%). The data provide an opportunity to describe the individual and interactive effects of dietary protein, carbohydrate and fat on the control of total energy intake. Percent dietary protein was negatively associated with total energy intake (F = 6.9,P < 0.0001) irrespective of whether carbohydrate (F = 0,P = 0.7) or fat (F = 0,P = 0.5) were the diluents of protein. The analysis strongly supports a role for protein leverage in lean, overweight and obese humans. A better appreciation of the targets and regulatory priorities for protein, carbohydrate and fat intake will inform the design of effective and health‐promoting weight loss diets, food labelling policies, food production systems and regulatory frameworks.

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  • During amino acid restriction, mammals increase their consumption of diets low in protein to acquire sufficient protein to satisfy organismal requirements, despite increasing their overall caloric intake.

    “During amino acid restriction, mammals increase their consumption of diets low in protein to acquire sufficient protein to satisfy organismal requirements, despite increasing their overall caloric intake125–129.”

    From Metabolic messengers: FGF21 (2021) · cites this paper as [129]

  • A large and growing literature clearly demonstrates that animals selectively detect and adaptively respond to the restriction of dietary protein.

    “there is a large and growing literature that rather clearly demonstrates that animals selectively detect and adaptively respond to the restriction of dietary protein”

    From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [56]

  • Protein is prioritized and regulated to a specific target, so small changes in the proportion of dietary protein can induce large changes in total food and energy intake (protein leveraging).

    “The observation that protein is prioritized and regulated to a specific target suggests that small changes in the proportion of dietary protein can induce large changes in total food and energy intake, a concept termed protein leveraging”

    From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [56]

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Authors
Gosby, A. K., Conigrave, A. D., Raubenheimer, D., & Simpson, S. J.
Affiliations
The University of Sydney (AU)
Corresponding author
Gosby, A. K.
ORCID
Venue
Obesity Reviews
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2013-10-28
Volume
15
Issue
3
Pages
183-191
ISSN
  • 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-789X
DOI
10.1111/obr.12131
OpenAlex
W2152911176
Cited by
196
References
89
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11
FWCI
1.57
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Research Centre
  • Australian Research Council
  • National Health and Medical Research Council
  • National Medical Research Council
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
Keywords
dietary protein, energy intake, appetite regulation, macronutrient composition, carbohydrates, dietary fat, obesity, overweight, weight loss diet, ad libitum intake, food labeling policy
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Appetite, Energy Intake, Clinical Trials as Topic, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Fiber, Dietary Proteins, Energy Metabolism, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Linear Models, Overweight, Young Adult

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