Diet, Lifestyle, and Genetic Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Review from the Nurses’ Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study 2, and Health Professionals’ Follow-Up Study
Open accessAbstract
The epidemiological evidence collected from three large US cohorts (Nurses' Health Study, Nurses' Health Study 2, and Health Professionals' Follow-up Study) has yielded important information regarding the roles of overall diet, individual foods and nutrients, physical activity and other lifestyle factors in the development of type 2 diabetes. Excess adiposity is a major risk factor for diabetes, and thus, maintaining a healthy body weight and avoidance of weight gain during adulthood is the cornerstone of diabetes prevention. Independent of body weight, the quality or type of dietary fat and carbohydrate is more crucial than the quantity in determining diabetes risk. Higher consumption of coffee, whole grains, fruits, and nuts is associated with lower risk of diabetes, whereas regular consumption of refined grains, red and processed meats, and sugar-sweetened beverages including fruits juices is associated with increased risk. Dietary patterns rich in fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and nuts and legumes but lower in red and processed meats, refined grains, and sugar-sweetened beverages are consistently associated with diabetes risk, even after adjustment for body mass index. The genome-wide association studies conducted in these cohorts have contributed substantially to the discoveries of novel genetic loci for type 2 diabetes and other metabolic traits, although the identified common variants explain only a small proportion of overall diabetes predisposition. Taken together, these ongoing large cohort studies have provided convincing epidemiologic evidence that a healthy diet, together with regular physical activity, maintenance of a healthy weight, moderate alcohol consumption, and avoidance of sedentary behaviors and smoking would prevent the majority of type 2 diabetes cases.
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Many risk factors have been identified for T2D.
“Many risk factors have been identified for T2D.3,69”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [69]
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Self-citationA Prospective Study of Weight Training and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men
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Self-citationde Mutsert, R., Sun, Q., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., & van Dam, R. M. (2014) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu052 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, H., Bertrand, K. A., Choi, A. L., Hu, F. B., Laden, F., Grandjean, P., & Sun, Q. (2012) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1205248 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationEating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in older women: breakfast consumption and eating frequency
Mekary, R. A., Giovannucci, E., Cahill, L., Willett, W. C., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.057521 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationJiang, R., Ma, J., Ascherio, A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.1.70 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationWalnut Consumption Is Associated with Lower Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Pan, A., Sun, Q., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2013) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.172171 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationTinker, L. F. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.14.1500 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Genetic predisposition, Western dietary pattern, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in men
Qi, L., Cornelis, M. C., Zhang, C., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27249 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Iron Intake and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Rajpathak, S. N., Ma, J., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0119 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationGrøntved, A., Pan, A., Mekary, R. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001587 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationAntihypertensive Medications and the Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes
Taylor, E. N., Hu, F. B., & Curhan, G. C. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.2951065 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationLow-carbohydrate diet scores and risk of type 2 diabetes in men
de Koning, L., Fung, T. T., Liao, X., Chiuve, S. E., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., Spiegelman, D., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004333 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation Between Passive and Active Smoking and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Zhang, L., Curhan, G. C., Hu, F. B., Rimm, E. B., & Forman, J. P. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-2087 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationToenail Selenium and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in U.S. Men and Women
Park, K., Rimm, E. B., Siscovick, D. S., Spiegelman, D. L., Manson, J. E., Morris, J. S., Hu, F. B., & Mozaffarian, D. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-2136 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationPan, A., Sun, Q., Okereke, O. I., Rexrode, K. M., Rubin, R. R., Lucas, M., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2268-4 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationPlain-water intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women
Pan, A., Malik, V. S., Schulze, M. B., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.032698 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolescent dairy product consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women
Malik, V., Sun, Q., van Dam, R. M., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., ROSNER, B. A., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.009621 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationSun, Q., Wedick, N. M., Pan, A., Townsend, M. K., Cassidy, A., Franke, A. A., Rimm, E. B., Hu, F. B., & van Dam, R. M. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-2513 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationRimm, E. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., ROSNER, B. A., Hennekens, C. H., & Speizer, F. E. (1992) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00401427 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic Predisposition to Dyslipidemia and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Two Prospective Cohorts
Qi, Q., Liang, L., Doria, A., Hu, F. B., & Qi, L. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-1254 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationQi, L., & Hu, F. B. (2007) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e328011c6e0 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationWeight Cycling and the Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes among Adult Women in the United States
Field, A. E., Manson, J. E., Laird, N. M., Williamson, D. F., Willett, W. C., & Colditz, G. A. (2004) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2004.34 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationBhupathiraju, S. N., Pan, A., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3235-7 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationTCF7L2, dietary carbohydrate, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women
Cornelis, M. C., Qi, L., Kraft, P. L., & Hu, F. B. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27058 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary Patterns During Adolescence and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged Women
Malik, V., Fung, T. T., van Dam, R. M., Rimm, E. B., ROSNER, B. A., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-0386 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationChanges in Alcohol Consumption and Subsequent Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men
Joosten, M. M., Chiuve, S. E., Mukamal, K. J., Hu, F. B., Hendriks, H., & Rimm, E. B. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-1052 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationBao, W., Hu, F. B., Rong, S., Rong, Y., Bowers, K. A., Schisterman, E. F., Liu, L., & Zhang, C. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwt123 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationRiet, E. V. ‘., Dekker, J. M., Sun, Q., Nijpels, G., Hu, F. B., & van Dam, R. M. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1586 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationGibbert, W. S., Keating, S. M., Jacobs, J. A., Dodson, E. A., Baker, E. A., Diem, G., Giles, W. H., Gillespie, K. N., Grabauskas, V. J., Shatchkute, A., et al. (2013) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd10.130120 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Plasma bicarbonate and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Mandel, E. I., Curhan, G. C., Hu, F. B., & Taylor, E. N. (2012) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.120438 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationJoint association of glycemic load and alcohol intake with type 2 diabetes incidence in women
Mekary, R. A., Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Ludwig, D. S., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.023754 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationJames-Todd, T. M., Karumanchi, S. A., Hibert, E. N. L., Mason, S. M., Vadnais, M. A., Hu, F. B., & Rich-Edwards, J. W. (2013) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd10.120336 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationPhobic anxiety symptom scores and incidence of type 2 diabetes in US men and women
Farvid, M. S., Qi, L., Hu, F. B., Kawachi, I., Okereke, O. I., Kubzansky, L. D., & Willett, W. C. (2014) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.025 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationBirth Weight, Genetic Susceptibility, and Adulthood Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Li, Y., Qi, Q., Workalemahu, T., Hu, F. B., & Qi, L. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0168 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationSmoking Cessation, Weight Gain, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Postmenopausal Women
Luo, J. (2012) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.24 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Genetic Determinants for Body Iron Store and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in US Men and Women
He, M., Workalemahu, T., Manson, J. E., Hu, F. B., & Qi, L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040919 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic variants near the IRS1 gene, physical activity and type 2 diabetes in US men and women
He, M., Workalemahu, T., Cornelis, M. C., Hu, F. B., & Qi, L. (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2123-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring genome-wide – dietary heme iron intake interactions and the risk of type 2 diabetes
Pasquale, L. R., Loomis, S. J., Aschard, H., Kang, J. H., Cornelis, M. C., Qi, L., Kraft, P., & Hu, F. B. (2013) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2013.00007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationDairy Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men: A Prospective Study
Choi, H. K. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.9.997 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
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- [1]International Diabetes Federation IDF Diabetes Atlas 2013 6th edition accessed June 16, 2014 Available at: httP://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas 35914061
- [80]Sigal RJ Rich-Edwards JW Colditz GA Physical Activity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women A Prospective Study J. Am. Med. Assoc 1999 282 15 1433 1439 10535433
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reed, J., Bain, S., & Kanamarlapudi, V. (2021) · Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dmso.s319895 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Resting heart rate and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study and meta-analysis
Lee, D. H., de Rezende, L. F. M., Hu, F. B., Jeon, J. Y., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2019) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3095 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationHasib, A. (2020) · Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes · doi:10.1177/1179551420905844 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ardisson Korat, A. V., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Frank B.
- Venue
- Current Nutrition Reports
- Published
- 2014-09-25
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 345-354
- ISSN
- 2161-3311 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4295827
- OpenAlex
- W2058086874
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 11.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Nutrition Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Human Genome Research Institute (U01HG004399)
- National Cancer Institute (UM1CA176726, UM1CA186107, UM1CA167552)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, P30DK046200)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, diet, lifestyle factors, genetic risk factors, Nurses' Health Study, Health Professionals Follow-up Study, dietary habits, physical activity, body weight, adiposity, dietary fat, carbohydrate intake, coffee consumption, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, legumes and nuts, red and processed meat, refined grains, sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juice, genome-wide association study, diabetes prevention, alcohol consumption, sedentary behavior, smoking
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