Maternal caffeine intake from coffee and tea, fetal growth, and the risks of adverse birth outcomes: the Generation R Study
Open accessAbstract
Background Caffeine is a widely used and accepted pharmacologically active substance. The effect of caffeine intake during pregnancy on fetal growth and development is still unclear.Objective We examined the associations of maternal caffeine intake, on the basis of coffee and tea consumption, with fetal growth characteristics measured in each trimester of pregnancy and the risks of adverse birth outcomes.Design Associations were studied in 7346 pregnant women participating in a population-based prospective cohort study from early pregnancy onward in the Netherlands (2001-2005). Caffeine intake in the first, second, and third trimesters was on the basis of coffee and tea consumption and was assessed by questionnaires. Fetal growth characteristics were repeatedly measured by ultrasound. Information about birth outcomes was obtained from hospital records.Results We observed no consistent associations of caffeine intake with fetal head circumference or estimated fetal weight in any trimester. Higher caffeine intake was associated with smaller first-trimester crown-rump length, second- and third-trimester femur length, and birth length (P for trend <0.05). Offspring of mothers who consumed > or =6 caffeine units/d tended to have increased risks of small-for-gestational-age infants at birth.Conclusions Our results suggest that caffeine intake of > or =6 units/d during pregnancy is associated with impaired fetal length growth. Caffeine exposure might preferentially adversely affect fetal skeletal growth. Further studies are needed to assess these associations in non-European populations and to assess the postnatal consequences.
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In the Bakker et al. (2010) study, no clear dose-response associations were found for caffeine intakes during pregnancy and fetal growth.
“No clear dose-response associations were found for caffeine intakes during pregnancy and fetal growth.”
From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Bakker et al., 2010
In the Bakker et al. (2010) study, caffeine intake was positively associated with the risks of delivering an SGA child.
“Caffeine intake was positively associated with the risks of delivering an SGA child.”
From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Bakker et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Bakker, R., Steegers, E. A., Obradov, A., Raat, H., Hofman, A., & Jaddoe, V. W.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1691-1698
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2104607031
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 8.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- maternal caffeine intake, coffee consumption, tea consumption, fetal growth, adverse birth outcomes, small for gestational age, crown-rump length, femur length, birth length, pregnancy, Generation R Study
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Birth Weight, Caffeine, Coffee, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tea, Cohort Studies, Ultrasonography, Prenatal, Maternal Exposure, Fetal Development, Young Adult
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