Biases inherent in studies of coffee consumption in early pregnancy and the risks of subsequent events
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Abstract
Consumption of coffee by women early in their pregnancy has been viewed as potentially increasing the risk of miscarriage, low birth weight, and childhood leukemias. Many of these reports of epidemiologic studies have not acknowledged the potential biases inherent in studying the relationship between early-pregnancy-coffee consumption and subsequent events. I discuss five of these biases, recall bias, misclassification, residual confounding, reverse causation, and publication bias. Each might account for claims that attribute adversities to early-pregnancy-coffee consumption. To what extent these biases can be avoided remains to be determined. As a minimum, these biases need to be acknowledged wherever they might account for what is reported.
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The association between female age and miscarriage risk is attributed to an age-related increase in the frequency of embryonic trisomies, particularly trisomy 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, and 22.
“This association is attributed to an age-related increase in the frequency of embryonic trisomies, particularly trisomy 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, and 22. 60,61”
From Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss (2021) · cites this paper as [60]
The paper’s Residual Confounding section discusses miscarriage in relation to caffeine and tobacco exposure, not maternal age or embryonic trisomies. Searches for an age-related increase in trisomies, the listed chromosome numbers, and age-related chromosomal causes of miscarriage found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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James, J. E. (2021) · Archives of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.17352/2455-5479.000148 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Coffee and brain health: An introductory overview
Raza, M. L. (2024) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.06.010 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Hydrogen Peroxide Levels in Freshly Brewed Coffee and the Effects of StoragePreprint
Uppu, S. N., & London, B. K. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.08.242552 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Efectos del consumo de café sobre la salud
Leyva, B. G., Armas, M. T. D., Cabodevilla, R. C. V., & Cruz, M. A. M. (2021) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Is caffeine a potential therapeutic intervention for Alzheimer's disease?
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Coffee – Influence on the Course of Pregnancy and the Health of the Mother and Child
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- Authors
- Leviton, A.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leviton, Alan
- ORCID
- Leviton, Alan
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-08-23
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1152
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6163788
- OpenAlex
- W2884644273
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 184
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 0.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Coffee Association of U.S.A (123456)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- coffee consumption, early pregnancy, miscarriage, low birth weight, pediatric leukemia, recall bias, misclassification, residual confounding, reverse causality, publication bias, study bias, maternal caffeine intake
- MeSH terms
- Abortion, Spontaneous, Caffeine, Coffee, Female, Humans, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Bias
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