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Protein Blend Ingestion Following Resistance Exercise Promotes Human Muscle Protein Synthesis
Open accessAbstract
High-quality proteins such as soy, whey, and casein are all capable of promoting muscle protein synthesis postexercise by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1) signaling pathway. We hypothesized that a protein blend of soy and dairy proteins would capitalize on the unique properties of each individual protein and allow for optimal delivery of amino acids to prolong the fractional synthetic rate (FSR) following resistance exercise (RE). In this double-blind, randomized, clinical trial, 19 young adults were studied before and after ingestion of ∼19 g of protein blend (PB) or ∼18 g whey protein (WP) consumed 1 h after high-intensity leg RE. We examined mixed-muscle protein FSR by stable isotopic methods and mTORC1 signaling with western blotting. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were collected at rest (before RE) and at 3 postexercise time points during an early (0-2 h) and late (2-4 h) postingestion period. WP ingestion resulted in higher and earlier amplitude of blood branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations. PB ingestion created a lower initial rise in blood BCAA but sustained elevated levels of blood amino acids later into recovery (P < 0.05). Postexercise FSR increased equivalently in both groups during the early period (WP, 0.078 ± 0.009%; PB, 0.088 ± 0.007%); however, FSR remained elevated only in the PB group during the late period (WP, 0.074 ± 0.010%; PB, 0.087 ± 0.003%) (P < 0.05). mTORC1 signaling similarly increased between groups, except for no increase in S6K1 phosphorylation in the WP group at 5 h postexercise (P < 0.05). We conclude that a soy-dairy PB ingested following exercise is capable of prolonging blood aminoacidemia, mTORC1 signaling, and protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle and is an effective postexercise nutritional supplement.
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“In another study, blends of whey and soy protein stimulated muscle protein synthesis after exercise to a similar extent as did whey protein alone.145”
From Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group (2013) · cites this paper as [145]
In the citing paper
“A handful of studies have supported the blending theory by demonstrating that a plant/animal protein blend [89,90,92,93] or exclusively plant protein blend [88,94,95] can stimulate an equivalent MPS response to an animal-based comparison.”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [93]
In the citing paper
“two studies of a protein blend (20 g) containing 25% whey protein isolate, 25% soy protein isolate, and 50% sodium caseinate can promote MPS to a level equivalent to whey protein alone and may be associated with more prolonged positive amino acid net balance (i.e., arteriovenous differences in the leg) compared with whey protein [127,128].”
From Plant Proteins: Assessing Their Nutritional Quality and Effects on Health and Physical Function (2020) · cites this paper as [128]
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Cites
Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion
Boirie, Y., Dangin, M., Gachon, P., Vasson, M.-P., Maubois, J.-L., & Beaufrère, B. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.26.14930 · Cited by 1,453
Tang, J. E., Moore, D. R., Kujbida, G. W., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009 · Cited by 998
Moore, D. R., Robinson, M. J., Fry, J. L., Tang, J. E., Glover, E. I., Wilkinson, S. B., Prior, T., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26401 · Cited by 973
Katsanos, C. S., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Aarsland, A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005 · Cited by 923
Volpi, E., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Mittendorfer, B., & Wolfe, R. R. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.2.250 · Cited by 846
An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein
Biolo, G., Tipton, K. D., Klein, S., & Wolfe, R. R. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.1.e122 · Cited by 825
Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids
Tipton, K. D., Ferrando, A. A., Phillips, S. M., Doyle, D., & Wolfe, R. R. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.4.e628 · Cited by 616
The digestion rate of protein is an independent regulating factor of postprandial protein retention
Dangin, M., Boirie, Y., Garcia-Rodenas, C., Gachon, P., Fauquant, J., Callier, P., Ballèvre, O., & Beaufrère, B. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.2.e340 · Cited by 572
Dreyer, H. C., Fujita, S., Cadenas, J. G., Chinkes, D. L., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2006) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.113175 · Cited by 570 · cited 3×
“Mixed-muscle, protein-bound phenylalanine enrichment was analyzed by GC-MS after protein hydrolysis and amino acid extraction (22,35) using the external standard curve approach (41).”
MethodWilkinson, S. B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., MacDonald, M. J., MacDonald, J. R., Armstrong, D., & Phillips, S. M. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1031 · Cited by 530
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Bauer, J., Biolo, G., Cederholm, T., Cesari, M., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Morley, J. E., Phillips, S., Sieber, C., Stehle, P., Teta, D., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021 · Cited by 2,553
Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates
Gorissen, S. H. M., Crombag, J. J. R., Senden, J. M. G., Waterval, W. A. H., Bierau, J., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2018) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-018-2640-5 · Cited by 1,169
International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise
Jäger, R., Kerksick, C. M., Campbell, B. I., Cribb, P. J., Wells, S. D., Skwiat, T. M., Purpura, M., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Ferrando, A. A., Arent, S. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8 · Cited by 873
“[195] indicated that a mixture of whey and soy protein over a four-hour measurement window similarly increased MPS rates during the early (0–2 h) time-period versus whey protein, but only the protein blend was able to stimulate significantly increased MPS rates during the later (2– 4 h) measurement window.”
BackgroundThe Skeletal Muscle Anabolic Response to Plant- versus Animal-Based Protein Consumption
van Vliet, S., Burd, N. A., & van Loon, L. J. (2015) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.204305 · Cited by 651
Plant Proteins: Assessing Their Nutritional Quality and Effects on Health and Physical Function
Hertzler, S. R., Lieblein-Boff, J. C., Weiler, M., & Allgeier, C. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123704 · Cited by 594
Metadata
- Authors
- Reidy, P. T., Walker, D. K., Dickinson, J. M., Gundermann, D. M., Drummond, M. J., Timmerman, K. L., Fry, C. S., Borack, M. S., Cope, M. B., Mukherjea, R., Jennings, K., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rasmussen, Blake B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 410-416
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3738242
- OpenAlex
- W2168338325
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 8.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Solae LLC with assistance from NIH (R01 AR49877, T32-HD07539)
- National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (H133P110012)
- NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award (UL1TR000071)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- protein blends, soy protein, whey protein, resistance training, muscle protein synthesis, mTORC1 signaling, S6K1 phosphorylation, branched-chain amino acids, aminoacidemia, skeletal muscle, vastus lateralis, fractional synthesis rate
- MeSH terms
- Whey Proteins, Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1, Adolescent, Adult, Amino Acids, Branched-Chain, Caseins, Dietary Proteins, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Isotope Labeling, Kinetics, Male, Milk Proteins, Muscle Proteins, Signal Transduction, Exercise, Dietary Supplements, Soybean Proteins, Multiprotein Complexes, Resistance Training, Young Adult, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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