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Cited by 530Muscle metabolism and nutritionMuscle Physiology and DisordersCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage

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Wilkinson, Sarah B, Tarnopolsky, Mark A, MacDonald, Maureen J, MacDonald, Jay R, Armstrong, David, Phillips, Stuart M·2007·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
DOI 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1031
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Abstract

Background Resistance exercise leads to net muscle protein accretion through a synergistic interaction of exercise and feeding. Proteins from different sources may differ in their ability to support muscle protein accretion because of different patterns of postprandial hyperaminoacidemia.Objective We examined the effect of consuming isonitrogenous, isoenergetic, and macronutrient-matched soy or milk beverages (18 g protein, 750 kJ) on protein kinetics and net muscle protein balance after resistance exercise in healthy young men. Our hypothesis was that soy ingestion would result in larger but transient hyperaminoacidemia compared with milk and that milk would promote a greater net balance because of lower but prolonged hyperaminoacidemia.Design Arterial-venous amino acid balance and muscle fractional synthesis rates were measured in young men who consumed fluid milk or a soy-protein beverage in a crossover design after a bout of resistance exercise.Results Ingestion of both soy and milk resulted in a positive net protein balance. Analysis of area under the net balance curves indicated an overall greater net balance after milk ingestion (P < 0.05). The fractional synthesis rate in muscle was also greater after milk consumption (0.10 +/- 0.01%/h) than after soy consumption (0.07 +/- 0.01%/h; P = 0.05).Conclusions Milk-based proteins promote muscle protein accretion to a greater extent than do soy-based proteins when consumed after resistance exercise. The consumption of either milk or soy protein with resistance training promotes muscle mass maintenance and gains, but chronic consumption of milk proteins after resistance exercise likely supports a more rapid lean mass accrual.

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  • Multiple studies have reported that different forms of protein significantly increase fat-free mass while resistance training.

    “multiple studies have reported on the ability of different forms of protein to significantly increase fat-free mass while resistance training [70, 227–232].”

    From ISSN exercise &amp; sports nutrition review update: research &amp; recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [228]

    The Introduction (page not provided) links resistance training and feeding to muscle protein gain, and the conclusion (page not provided) reports increased muscle protein synthesis after milk or soy consumption following exercise. This was an acute exercise study: it did not establish a significant increase in fat-free mass during a resistance-training program. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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  • Whey proteins (hydrolysates and isolates) appear to be the most extensively researched for pre/post resistance exercise supplementation, possibly because of their higher EAA and leucine content, solubility, and optimal digestion kinetics.

    “Whey proteins (hydrolysates and isolates) appear to be the most extensively researched for pre/post resistance exercise supplementation, possibly because of their higher EAA and leucine content [93, 94], solubility, and optimal digestion kinetics [69].”

    From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [94]

    The Introduction describes whey as a rapidly digested protein that stimulates protein synthesis, supporting the digestion-kinetics part of the claim. It does not address whey protein solubility or establish that whey hydrolysates and isolates are the most extensively researched supplements. The paper studied fluid skim milk rather than those whey products. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • 18 g of soy protein stimulates MPS to a lesser extent compared with an isonitrogenous, isoenergetic, macronutrient-matched bolus of milk protein.

    “For example, Wilkinson et al. [84] demonstrated that 18 g of soy protein stimulates MPS to a lesser extent compared with an isonitrogenous, isoenergetic, macronutrient-matched bolus of milk protein.”

    From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [84]

  • Studies comparing the MPS response following wheat or soy protein ingestion to animal-based sources support the narrative that nonanimal proteins are inferior.

    “Studies comparing the MPS response following wheat or soy protein ingestion to animal-based sources support the above narrative [[84], [85], [86]].”

    From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [84]

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Institute of Medicine, Panel on Macronutrients, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, pro- tein, and amino acids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005.

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Authors
Wilkinson, S. B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., MacDonald, M. J., MacDonald, J. R., Armstrong, D., & Phillips, S. M.
Affiliations
McMaster University (CA)
Corresponding author
Phillips, Stuart M
ORCID
Venue
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2007-04
Volume
85
Issue
4
Pages
1031-1040
ISSN
0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1031
OpenAlex
W2110347066
Cited by
530
References
40
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 37
FWCI
13.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords
muscle protein accretion, resistance training, net protein balance, protein kinetics, protein source comparison
MeSH terms
Adult, Amino Acids, Body Composition, Dietary Proteins, Humans, Male, Milk Proteins, Muscle Proteins, Weight Lifting, Muscle, Skeletal, Cross-Over Studies, Area Under Curve, Soybean Proteins

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