The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Differential Roles of Macrophages in Diverse Phases of Skin Repair
Abstract
Influx of macrophages plays a crucial role in tissue repair. However, the precise function of macrophages during the healing response has remained a subject of debate due to their functional dichotomy as effectors of both tissue injury and repair. We tested the hypothesis that macrophages recruited during the diverse phases of skin repair after mechanical injury exert specific functions to restore tissue integrity. For this purpose, we developed a mouse model that allows conditional depletion of macrophages during the sequential stages of the repair response. Depletion of macrophages restricted to the early stage of the repair response (inflammatory phase) significantly reduced the formation of vascularized granulation tissue, impaired epithelialization, and resulted in minimized scar formation. In contrast, depletion of macrophages restricted to the consecutive mid-stage of the repair response (phase of tissue formation) resulted in severe hemorrhage in the wound tissue. Under these conditions, transition into the subsequent phase of tissue maturation and wound closure did not occur. Finally, macrophage depletion restricted to the late stage of repair (phase of tissue maturation) did not significantly impact the outcome of the repair response. These results demonstrate that macrophages exert distinct functions during the diverse phases of skin repair, which are crucial to control the natural sequence of repair events.
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In the citing paper
“In both conditions, progression to the following phases of wound repair fails [83].”
From Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing (2016) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“Their study shows that when macrophages are absent in the inflammatory phase, re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation are reduced; whereas depletion of macrophages in the proliferative phase results in haemorrhage [83].”
From Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing (2016) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“Their study shows that when macrophages are absent in the inflammatory phase, re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation are reduced; whereas depletion of macrophages in the proliferative phase results in haemorrhage [83].”
From Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing (2016) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“A recent study showed that depletion of macrophages during the proliferative phase of wound healing resulted in a defective transition to the remodeling phase and impaired healing [106,107].”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [106]
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Innate immune cells in vascular lesions: mechanism and significance of diversified immune regulation
Wu, J., Qian, Y.-L., Yang, K.-Y., Zhang, S., Zeng, E.-M., & Luo, D.-Y. (2025) · Annals medicus · doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2453826 · Cited by 9
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“In particular, macrophages appear to play an important role in promoting angiogenesis in the granulation tissue during the early phase of skin repair, and in vascular maturation and stabilization in the subsequent phases.(56) Distinct types of wound healing macrophages”
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“Depletion of specific macrophage subpopulations early in the course of skin repair has been shown to abrogate wound angiogenesis [44].”
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“…depletion yields markedly different outcomes: early removal impairs granulation tissue formation and re-epithelialization; intermediate-phase depletion reduces neovascularization and increases hemorrhagic risk; and late-stage ablation disrupts matrix organization and scar architecture [80].”
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“Lucas and colleagues showed the importance of macrophages at all stages of wound healing, demonstrated by macrophage depletion at different times, indicating that depletion of both pro-in fl ammatory and anti-in fl ammatory macrophages delayed wound healing (38).”
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Macrophage-Specific, Mafb-Deficient Mice Showed Delayed Skin Wound Healing
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“reported that macrophage removal during the inflammatory phase decreased angiogenesis and delayed the formation of the granulation tissue [13].”
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“Mφs are crucial contributors to each of these phases of healing and play important roles in orchestrating the body’s response to an injury or surgical insult [11, 12].”
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Immune Cell Circuits in Mucosal Wound Healing: Clinical Implications
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“Moreover, reducing the levels of functional macrophages in wounds can severely delay the wound healing time in mouse models [36, 37, 39].”
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Critical Role of the GM-CSF Signaling Pathway in Macrophage Pro-Repair Activities
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“However, depletion studies suggested that macrophages may play a less critical role during this phase, indicating partial redundancy in tissue remodelling [70].”
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“37,38 Our clinical work has demonstrated that patients receiving exogenous testosterone therapy have worse scarring outcomes after chest mascu-linization surgery and that there is a testosterone dose – response effect.”
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Research on evolution process of full‐layer incision of skin tissue under different laser incidences
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“More pronounced decrease in the VEGF expression level and slight increase in CD34 expression in group 1 in comparison with group 2 were a prerequisite for insufficient blood supply in the healing wound defect [11].”
BackgroundHuman adipose-derived stem cells in fibrin glue carrier modulate wound healing phases in rats
Araújo, S., Sganzella, M. F., Sagiorato, R. N., Leite, M. N., Caetano, G. F., de Aro, A. A., Esquisatto, M. A. M., Frade, M. A. C., de Andrade, T. A. M., & dos Santos, G. M. T. (2022) · Current Research in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.10.004 · Cited by 5
Dielectrophoretic characterization of macrophage phenotypes
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“For example, in normal wound healing, the vast majority resemble an M1 phenotype in the early phases, but at later phases, they transition into M2-like phenotype(s) [7, 8].”
Backgroundda Costa, M. C., Ferreira, B., de Moura, F. D., de Lima, L. G., Araujo, F. D. A., & Mota, F. C. (2021) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2021.05.035 · Cited by 5
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“It is well known that macrophages alter phenotypes from an M1 proinflammatory phenotype to an M2 pro-repair phenotype, leading to a reduction in inflammatory markers and a promotion of a proliferation phase, secreting PDGF, TGF-α, and bFGF [33].”
BackgroundMacrophage Polarization in Skin Wound Healing: Progress in Biology and Therapeutics
Chen, L., Cheng, L., Chen, T., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Science) · doi:10.1007/s12204-021-2276-6 · Cited by 5
Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Enhance Vessel Stability in Modular Engineered Tissues
West, M. E. D., Sefton, E., & Sefton, M. (2019) · Tissue Engineering. Part A · doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0222 · Cited by 5
“19 Wound healing studies have identified distinct, nonredundant macrophage populations responsible for sequential phases of tissue repair, 20 and the induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- mediated angiogenesis.”
Introduction to Wound Healing and Tissue Repair
Eming, S. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98477-3_5 · Cited by 6
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“Macrophages also play a role in wound healing and organ regeneration via SPMs [6,16].”
Phenotypic Plasticity and the Origins and Progression of Ovarian Cancer
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Manipulating the healing response
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Regenerative Medicine and the Foreign Body Response
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Temporal dynamics of macrophage transcriptional profiles during zebrafish wound healing
Begon-Pescia, C., Manchon, L., Ozbilgic, R., Boireau, S., Louis, A., Georges, S., & Nguyen-Chi, M. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1721612 · Cited by 4
Regulation of macrophage transcriptional dynamics during acute and chronic wound repair
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“Among the various cell types involved in inflammation and tissue repair, macrophages play a crucial role in their coordination by incorporating certain signals from the surroundings into the inflammation and healing process [28, 29].”
Single-cell–guided repositioning of Sorafenib enables nano-immunotherapy for scarless burn healing
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Hybrid living electronic skin for proactive scarless wound healing
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“The balance between the production and death of these cells is carefully regulated by the body [11].”
Deciphering the Iron Metabolism and Ferroptosis in Diabetic Wound Healing
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Stromal vascular fraction: Mechanisms and application in reproductive disorders
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“…wounds or when wounds are oversized, the over-contraction and continued differentiation may lead to scar formation. therefore, the most critical role in preventing scar formation is to appropriately control the inflammatory response and the differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts 20,24 .”
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“40,65 M1 macrophages secrete cytokines such as IL-1, TNFa, IL-6, IL-12 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), while M2 cells produce arginase, TGFb, CCL18, PGE2, and IL-10 and upregulate scavenger receptors such as CD206 and CD163.”
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Bacterial Lipoteichoic Acid Induces Capsular Contracture by Activating Innate Immune Response
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“11,12 Although myofibroblasts are activated by macrophages after injury, certain sub-populations of macrophages have been defined only recently.”
Proximal ear hole injury heals by limited regeneration during the early postnatal phase in mice
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“…vessels in the proximal region in comparsion with distal region could promote the release of blood components, including monocyte- derived macrophages, which are critical for the progression of wound healing (Lucas et al., 2010) and regeneration (Godwin et al., 2013; Simkin et al., 2017).”
BackgroundTopical Topiramate Improves Wound Healing in an Animal Model of Hyperglycemia
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“…effete cells and debris by phagocytosis (Mantovani et al., 2013), serving as antigen presenting cells to recruit the adaptive arm of the immune response (Motwani and Gilroy, 2015), and ultimately enabling processes of tissue repair and resolution (Lucas et al., 2010; Troidl et al., 2009).”
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“Macrophages have been shown to play a key role in orchestrating both the quality of the inflammatory response and progression of wound healing to the proliferation phase [21].”
BackgroundTherapeutic tissue regeneration by a macrophage colony-stimulating factor Fc conjugate.
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“), an indication that the beads were no longer generating danger signals to the innate immune system. In support of this interpretation was the finding of collagen-rich extracellular matrix deposition, a terminal event of the wound healing and tissue regeneration process”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Lucas, T., Waisman, A., Ranjan, R., Roes, J., Krieg, T., Müller, W., Roers, A., & Eming, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Department of Dermatology
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- University College London (GB)
- University of Cologne (DE)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-04-01
- Volume
- 184
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3964-3977
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W2118654016
- Cited by
- 1,205
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 47.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University College London
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB829)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
- Keywords
- macrophages, skin repair, wound healing, mechanical damage, granulation tissue, re-epithelialization, scar formation, hemorrhage, tissue maturation, wound closure, tissue formation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Separation, Flow Cytometry, Immunohistochemistry, Macrophages, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Skin, Skin Physiological Phenomena, Wound Healing, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Mice
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