IL-4 in the brain: a cytokine to remember
Open accessAbstract
IL-4 has been extensively studied in the context of its role in immunity. Accumulating evidence indicates, however, that it also plays a critical role in higher functions of the normal brain, such as memory and learning. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the basic immunology of IL-4, describe how and where this cytokine appears to operate in normal brain function, and propose a hypothesis concerning its potential role in neurological pathologies.
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The gut microbiota constantly communicates with the immune system, influencing its maturation and performance.
“The gut microbiota is in constant communication with the immune system, influencing its maturation and performance as (3–6).”
From Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
The Introduction and Concluding remarks discuss interactions between the immune system and brain function, not interactions between gut microbiota and the immune system. Searches for gut microbiota, microbiome, intestinal microbes, and immune maturation found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed claim; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIL4 is a rapidly degraded glycoprotein of about 20 kDa that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
“Since IL4 is a rapidly degraded glycoprotein of about 20 kDa that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (16)”
From IL4-driven microglia modulate stress resilience through BDNF-dependent neurogenesis (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
Despite larger brain injury, an absence of microglia was associated with blunted ischaemia-induced production of both proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, TNFα) and cytokines considered neuroprotective (IL-6, IL-4).
“Despite larger brain injury, an absence of microglia was associated with blunted ischaemia-induced production of both proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, TNFα) and cytokines that are considered to be neuroprotective in the brain (IL-6, IL-4)5253.”
From Microglia protect against brain injury and their selective elimination dysregulates neuronal network activity after stroke (2016) · cites this paper as [53]
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- Authors
- Gadani, S. P., Cronk, J. C., Norris, G. T., & Kipnis, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kipnis, Jonathan
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-11-01
- Volume
- 189
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 4213-4219
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- PMC
- PMC3481177
- OpenAlex
- W2149671708
- Cited by
- 549
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 1.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG034113, R01AG034113, R37AG034113)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS061973)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- IL-4, brain, memory, learning, neuroimmunology, cytokines, neuropathology, normal brain function
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cognition, Humans, Inflammation, Learning, Memory, Nervous System Diseases, Interleukin-4, Neurogenesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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