Cited by 549Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsCytokine Signaling Pathways and InteractionsTryptophan and brain disorders

IL-4 in the brain: a cytokine to remember

Open access
Gadani, Sachin P, Cronk, James C, Norris, Geoffrey T, Kipnis, Jonathan·2012·The Journal of Immunology

Abstract

IL-4 has been extensively studied in the context of its role in immunity. Accumulating evidence indicates, however, that it also plays a critical role in higher functions of the normal brain, such as memory and learning. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the basic immunology of IL-4, describe how and where this cytokine appears to operate in normal brain function, and propose a hypothesis concerning its potential role in neurological pathologies.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4049/jimmunol.1202246

Cites

104 of 104 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The gut microbiota constantly communicates with the immune system, influencing its maturation and performance.

    “The gut microbiota is in constant communication with the immune system, influencing its maturation and performance as (3–6).”

    From Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony (2024) · cites this paper as [6]

    The Introduction and Concluding remarks discuss interactions between the immune system and brain function, not interactions between gut microbiota and the immune system. Searches for gut microbiota, microbiome, intestinal microbes, and immune maturation found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed claim; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • IL4 is a rapidly degraded glycoprotein of about 20 kDa that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.

    “Since IL4 is a rapidly degraded glycoprotein of about 20 kDa that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (16)”
  • Despite larger brain injury, an absence of microglia was associated with blunted ischaemia-induced production of both proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, TNFα) and cytokines considered neuroprotective (IL-6, IL-4).

    “Despite larger brain injury, an absence of microglia was associated with blunted ischaemia-induced production of both proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, TNFα) and cytokines that are considered to be neuroprotective in the brain (IL-6, IL-4)5253.”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [100]Balschun D Wetzel W Del Rey A Pitossi F Schneider H Zuschratter W Besedovsky HO 2004 Interleukin-6: a cytokine to forget Faseb J 18 1788 1790 15345694

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Gadani, S. P., Cronk, J. C., Norris, G. T., & Kipnis, J.
Affiliations
University of Virginia (US)
Corresponding author
Kipnis, Jonathan
Venue
The Journal of Immunology
Published
2012-11-01
Volume
189
Issue
9
Pages
4213-4219
ISSN
  • 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
  • 1550-6606
OpenAlex
W2149671708
Cited by
549
References
104
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 6
FWCI
1.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Aging (AG034113, R01AG034113, R37AG034113)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS061973)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Keywords
IL-4, brain, memory, learning, neuroimmunology, cytokines, neuropathology, normal brain function
MeSH terms
Animals, Cognition, Humans, Inflammation, Learning, Memory, Nervous System Diseases, Interleukin-4, Neurogenesis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review