Cited by 205Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

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Mechanisms of Amyloid-β Peptide Clearance: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease

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Yoon, Sang-Sun, AhnJo, Sang-Mee·2012·Biomolecules and Therapeutics

DOI 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.3.245PMC PMC3794520

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Abstract

Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is still best known as a molecule to cause Alzheimer's disease (AD) through accumulation and deposition within the frontal cortex and hippocampus in the brain. Thus, strategies on developing AD drugs have been focused on the reduc-tion of Aβ in the brain. Since accumulation of Aβ depends on the rate of its synthesis and clearance, the metabolic pathway of Aβ in the brain and the whole body should be carefully explored for AD research. Although the synthetic pathway of Aβ is equally important, we summarize primarily the clearance pathway in this paper because the former has been extensively reviewed in previous studies. The clearance of Aβ from the brain is accomplished by several mechanisms which include non-enzymatic and enzymatic pathways. Nonenzymatic pathway includes interstitial fluid drainage, uptake by microglial phagocytosis, and transport across the blood vessel walls into the circulation. Multiple Aβ-degrading enzymes (ADE) implicated in the clearance process have been identified, which include neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase-9, glutamate carboxypeptidase II and others. A series of studies on Aβ clearance mechanism provide new insight into the pathogenesis of AD at the molecular level and suggest a new target for the development of novel therapeutics.

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Fig. 1. Anabolic and catabolic pathways of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). Aβs are synthesized from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-and γ-secretase and then cleared by several mechanisms includingenzyme-mediated degradation.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Fig. 2. Schematic presentation showing thebrain and blood vessel compartment and the ways of Aβ clearance pathways. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a separation of circulating blood from the brain interstitial fluid (ISF) in the central nervous system (CNS). It is composed of thin and flat endothelial cells inthe capillaries. This barrier also includes athick basement membrane, smooth musclecells and astrocytic endfeet. This barrier restricts the diffusion of most materials into the cerebral ISF. See text for details. APP: Amyloid precursor protein, ADE: Amyloid-β degradation enzyme, LRP: Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, RAGE: Receptor for advanced glycation end product, CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

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Authors: Yoon, S.-S., & AhnJo, S.-M.
Affiliations: Dankook University (KR)
ORCID: Yoon, Sang-Sun
Venue: Biomolecules and Therapeutics
Publisher: The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
Published: 2012-05-31
Volume: 20
Issue: 3
Pages: 245-255
ISSN: 1976-9148 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.3.245
PMC: PMC3794520
OpenAlex: W2008487250
Cited by: 205
References: 122
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 0.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Biomolecules & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Research Foundation
National Research Foundation of Korea (2011-0016127)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords: amyloid-beta, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta clearance, neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme, MMP-9, prostate-specific membrane antigen, microglial phagocytosis, interstitial fluid drainage, blood-brain barrier, therapeutic target

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Mechanisms of Amyloid-β Peptide Clearance: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease

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