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Comorbidity of DSM-IV Pathological Gambling and Other Psychiatric Disorders: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To present nationally representative data on lifetime prevalence and comorbidity of pathological gambling with other psychiatric disorders and to evaluate sex differences in the strength of the comorbid associations. METHOD: Data were derived from a large national sample of the United States. Some 43,093 household and group quarters residents age 18 years and older participated in the 2001-2002 survey. Prevalence and associations of lifetime pathological gambling and other lifetime psychiatric disorders are presented. The diagnostic interview was the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version. Fifteen symptom items operationalized the 10 pathological gambling criteria. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence rate of pathological gambling was 0.42%. Almost three quarters (73.2%) of pathological gamblers had an alcohol use disorder, 38.1% had a drug use disorder, 60.4% had nicotine dependence, 49.6% had a mood disorder, 41.3% had an anxiety disorder, and 60.8% had a personality disorder. A large majority of the associations between pathological gambling and substance use, mood, anxiety, and personality disorders were overwhelmingly positive and significant (p < .05), even after controlling for sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Male sex, black race, divorced/separated/widowed marital status, middle age, and living in the West and Midwest were associated with increased risk for pathological gambling. Further, associations between alcohol dependence, any drug use disorder, drug abuse, nicotine dependence, major depressive episode, and generalized anxiety disorder and pathological gambling were stronger among women than men (p > .05). CONCLUSION: Pathological gambling is highly comorbid with substance use, mood, anxiety, and personality disorders, suggesting that treatment for one condition should involve assessment and possible concomitant treatment for comorbid conditions.
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“Epidemiological research indicates that over 50% of PGs have a lifetime mood disorder, over 40% have a lifetime anxiety disorder, and about 23% have ASPD (Kessler et al. 2008; Petry, Stinson & Grant, 2005).”
From Subtyping Pathological Gamblers Based on Impulsivity, Depression, and Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Petry, Stinson & Grant, 2005
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, gambling disorder frequently co-occurs with substance use disorders, particularly alcohol and nicotine, as well as mood and anxiety disorders (Conway, Compton, Stinson, & Grant, 2006; B. F. Grant et al., 2004b; Petry et al., 2005; Ronzitti, Kraus, Hoff, & Potenza, 2018).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“In particular, alcohol and nicotine are the most often misused substances among individuals with gambling pathology (Petry et al., 2005).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Approximately 37% (range: 14.0% −60.3%) of subthreshold and clinical gamblers suffer from an anxiety disorder (Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2005)”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Similarly, individuals with nicotine or alcohol related substance use disorders are also more likely to meet the diagnostic criteria for GD compared to the general population (Krmpotich et al., 2015; Petry et al., 2005; Rennert et al., 2014).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis including 11 studies conducted between 1998-2010 reported an average comorbidity rate of 28.1% (range: 9.9% - 73.2%) for alcohol use disorders and 60.1% (range: 34.9% - 76.3%) for nicotine dependence in individuals with subthreshold or clinical gambling severity (Lorains et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2005).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“These effects do not appear to be merely the result of shared environmental risk factors, as supported by the work of Petry and colleagues, which reported that alcohol use disorders were significantly related to gambling disorder even after controlling for sociodemographic variables highly associated with the risk for gambling pathology, including ethnicity, age, sex, marital status and region of”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
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Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Tidwell, M. O., & Hoffman, J. H. (2009) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.02.002 · Cited by 55
“Petry et al. (2005) examined data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), and found significant co-morbidity of pathological gambling with antisocial personality disorder, alcohol use disorders, drug use disorders, and nicotine dependence.”
Decision-Making Styles, Negative Affectivity, and Cognitive Distortions in Adolescent Gambling
Cosenza, M., Ciccarelli, M., & Nigro, G. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9790-y · Cited by 49
Weich, S., McBride, O., Hussey, D., Exeter, D. J., Brugha, T. S., & McManus, S. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711000249 · Cited by 52
“We found no evidence of associations with antisocial personality disorder, adult ADD, drug or alcohol dependency, depression or anxiety disorders (Petry et al. 2005).”
BackgroundSmoking and Nicotine Dependence in Singapore: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study
Picco, L., Subramaniam, M., Abdin, E., Vaingankar, J. A., & Chong, S. A. (2012) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v41n8p325 · Cited by 50
Grant, J. E., Desai, R. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04211 · Cited by 50
“…nicotine dependence; addiction; impulse control disorders; epidemiology INTRODUCTION Pathological gambling is characterized by persistent and recurrent maladaptive patterns of gambling behavior that affects from 0.4-1.6% of the United States population (Shaffer et al., 1999; Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialBormann, N. L., Allen, J., Shaw, M. C., & Black, D. W. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09857-w · Cited by 49
“We chose to examine both religiosity and chance beliefs because both concepts can involve prayer, hope, and conviction (Petry 2005).”
BackgroundFenu, S., Wardas, J., & Morelli, M. (2009) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833109a0 · Cited by 49
“and certain sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics were associated with increased risk of PG (Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialExcessive Gambling and Online Gambling Communities
Sirola, A., Kaakinen, M., & Oksanen, A. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9772-0 · Cited by 50
Pharmacological Treatments for Disordered Gambling: A Meta-analysis
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Leiserson, V., & Pihl, R. O. (2007) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-007-9065-5 · Cited by 51
“Recently, Petry, Stinson, and Grant (2005) examined the comorbidity of PG and other psychiatric disorders using data from the NIAAA’s National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), the largest comorbidity survey ever conducted.”
MethodReed, D. D., Naudé, G. P., Gelino, B. W., & Amlung, M. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.011 · Cited by 48
Murch, W. S., & Clark, L. (2015) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858415591474 · Cited by 52
Rates and Correlates of Pathological Gambling Among VA Mental Health Service Users
Edens, E. L., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2011) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-011-9239-z · Cited by 48
Barry, D. T., Stefanovics, E. A., Desai, R. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.07.010 · Cited by 50
“Study findings confirm and expand upon prior epidemiological studies, showing a robust association between problem and pathological gambling and a range of psychiatric disorders (Alegría et al., 2009; Cunningham-Williams et al., 1998; Petry et al., 2005).”
ResultZois, E., Kortlang, N., Vollstädt‐Klein, S., Leménager, T., Beutel, M., Mann, K. F., & Fauth‐Bühler, M. (2014) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.231 · Cited by 49
“2011), with lifetime prevalence at 73% for alcoholism and 60% for smoking (Petry et al. 2005).”
Cocker, P. J., & Winstanley, C. A. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.043 · Cited by 49
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“5 and 10% in North America [25–27], according to DSM-IV criteria, and similar figures have been reported in Europe [28].”
BackgroundJiménez‐Múrcia, S., Stinchfield, R. D., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Santamaría, J. J. V., Penelo, E., Granero, R., Gómez‐Peña, M., Aymamí, N., Moragas, L., Soto, A., et al. (2011) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2011.628333 · Cited by 47
“…described psychopathological profiles (Crockford & el-Guebaly, 1998; Jiménez-Murcia, Granero et al., 2009; Lorains, Cowlishaw, & Thomas, 2011; Petry et al., 2005; Slutske, Caspi, Moffitt, & Poulton, 2005), characterized by emotional disturbances; somatic impairment; severe preoccupation;…”
BackgroundNicola, M. D., Risio, L. D., Pettorruso, M., Caselli, G., Crescenzo, F. D., Swierkosz-Lenart, K., Martinotti, G., Camardese, G., Giannantonio, M. D., & Janiri, L. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.023 · Cited by 52
“It has been suggested that mood and anxiety disorders often precede gambling problems (Petry et al., 2005; Kennedy et al., 2010).”
BackgroundCarragher, N., & McWilliams, L. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.022 · Cited by 50
“Only a small number of epidemiological studies have examined the comorbidity of pathological gambling (Petry et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundPathological gambling recovery in the absence of abstinence
Slutske, W. S., Piasecki, T. M., Blaszczynski, A. P., & Martin, N. G. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03080.x · Cited by 47
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Loo, J. M. Y., Kraus, S. W., & Potenza, M. N. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.64 · Cited by 49
“Other designations such as low-risk and at-risk gambling have been used and defined in the context of NESARC data, with designations relating to numbers of inclusionary criteria for pathological gambling acknowledged (Desai & Potenza, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBlack, D. W., Coryell, W. H., Crowe, R., Shaw, M. C., McCormick, B. A., & Allen, J. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9505-y · Cited by 47
Medeiros, G. C., Leppink, E. W., Redden, S. A., Yaemi, A., Mariani, M., Tavares, H., & Grant, J. E. (2016) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1718 · Cited by 46
The Prevention and Treatment of Gambling Disorders: Some Art, Some Science
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Petry, N. M., & Alessi, S. M. (2010) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2010.06.011 · Cited by 46
“The main papers provide full descriptions of the treatments (Petry et al., 2004, 2005b, 2006a), and only brief overviews are described below.”
InfluentialSelf-citationNajavits, L. M., Meyer, T., Johnson, K. M., & Korn, D. (2011) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-010-9230-0 · Cited by 45
“Pathological gamblers have high rates of co-occurring disorders, including mood, personality, and substance use disorders (Kessler et al. 2008; Petry et al. 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPilver, C. E., Libby, D. J., Hoff, R. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.002 · Cited by 46
“Wave-1 data from the nationally representative National Epidemiologic Study Survey on Alcohol and Related Disorders (NESARC) indicate stronger associations between PG and alcohol dependence, any druguse disorder, drug abuse, and nicotine dependence, among women compared to men (Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialZois, E., Kiefer, F., Leménager, T., Vollstädt‐Klein, S., Mann, K. F., & Fauth‐Bühler, M. (2016) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12368 · Cited by 46
A cross-sectional study of problem gambling and its correlates among college students in South India
George, S., Jaisoorya, T. S., Nair, S., Rani, A., Menon, P., Revamma, M., Rajan, J. C., Radhakrishnan, K. S., Jose, V., Benegal, V., et al. (2016) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002519 · Cited by 47
Self-citationThe Involvement of a Concerned Significant Other in Gambling Disorder Treatment Outcome
Jiménez-Múrcia, S., Tremblay, J., Stinchfield, R., Granero, R., Fernández-Aranda, F., Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., del Pino-Gutiérrez, A., Baño, M., Moragas, L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9657-z · Cited by 44
Håkansson, A., & Widinghoff, C. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100182 · Cited by 45
“Based on the characteristics of a disordered pattern of gambling, including the loss of control, financial difficulties, and the ‘chasing losses’ behavior (Petry et al., 2005; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), several specific components in gambling advertising may be seen as potentially risky, such as the mess…”
BackgroundThomas, S. L., Bestman, A., Pitt, H., Deans, E., Randle, M., Stoneham, M. J., & Daube, M. (2015) · Research Online (University of Wollongong) · Cited by 45
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“Mean age (SD, age range) Sample type Problem gambling measures Lopez-Gonzalez et al. (2020) Australia/Spain 1,092 Australian Male: 79.3%, Female: 20.7% Spain Male: 72.0%, Female: 28.0% Adults General population PGSI Nong et al. (2020) China 855 Male: 48.1% Female: 51.9% Adults, Older Adults latent class analysis DSM-5…”
BackgroundInfluentialWeinstock, J., Burton, S., Rash, C. J., Moran, S., Biller, W., Kruedelbach, N., Phoenix, N., & Morasco, B. J. (2011) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0023240 · Cited by 46
Shared genetic factors influence risk for bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorders
Carmiol, N., Peralta, J. M., Almasy, L. A., Contreras, J., Pacheco, A., Escamilla, M., Knowles, E. E. M., Raventós, H., & Glahn, D. C. (2013) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.10.001 · Cited by 48
“Anxiety disorders are often found in patients with bipolar disorder [18,51] and in individuals with AUD [26,46].”
BackgroundSex addiction and gambling disorder: similarities and differences
Farré, J. M., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Granero, R., Aragay, N., Mallorquí‐Bagué, N., Ferrer, V., More, A., Bouman, W. P., Arcelus, J., Savvidou, L. G., et al. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.10.002 · Cited by 54
Teo, P., Mythily, S., Anantha, S., & Winslow, M. (2007) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v36n3p165 · Cited by 45
Stefanovics, E. A., Potenza, M. N., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9678-2 · Cited by 48
Extended network analysis: from psychopathology to chronic illness
Isvoranu, A., Abdin, E., Chong, S. A., Vaingankar, J. A., Borsboom, D., & Subramaniam, M. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03128-y · Cited by 45
The neural basis of impulsive discounting in pathological gamblers
Miedl, S. F., Wiswede, D., Marco‐Pallarés, J., Ye, Z., Fehr, T., Herrmann, M., & Münte, T. F. (2015) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9352-1 · Cited by 45
Psychometric Validation of the Gambling Passion Scale (GPS) in an English-speaking University Sample
Castelda, B. A., Mattson, R. E., MacKillop, J., Anderson, E. J., & Donovick, P. J. (2007) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459790701387485 · Cited by 45
“While gambling is an occasional recreational activity for many people, for some individuals it leads to serious negative consequences that can extend beyond immediate financial and personal losses (Petry and Armentano, 1999; Petry et al. 2005 ).”
BackgroundPersonality traits of problem gamblers with and without alcohol dependence
Lister, J. J., Milosevic, A., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.02.021 · Cited by 46
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Neurobiology of Substance Addictions
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Sensitization of Incentive Salience and the Transition to Addiction
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Hodgins, D. C., Fick, G. H., Murray, R., & Cunningham, J. A. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-10 · Cited by 44
“In addition, rates of comorbid mental health disorders such as mood, anxiety, attention deficit and substance use disorders are higher than expected [5,6].”
BackgroundRates of Problematic Gambling in a British Homeless Sample: A Preliminary Study
Sharman, S., Dreyer, J., Aitken, M. R. F., Clark, L., & Bowden‐Jones, H. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9444-7 · Cited by 44
Devos, G., Challet‐Bouju, G., Burnay, J., Maurage, P., Grall‐Bronnec, M., & Billieux, J. (2016) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2016.1264080 · Cited by 43
Mann, K. F., Leménager, T., Zois, E., Hoffmann, S., Nakovics, H., Beutel, M. E., Vogelgesang, M., Wölfling, K., Kiefer, F., & Fauth‐Bühler, M. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.12.002 · Cited by 45
“Previous epidemiological studies have reported high frequency of other comorbid disorders in pathological gamblers: Data from two large epidemiological surveys in the United States, the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) [5] and the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)…”
BackgroundGambling problems in bipolar disorder in the UK: Prevalence and distribution
Jones, L. A., Metcalf, A., Gordon‐Smith, K., Forty, L., Perry, A., Lloyd, J., Geddes, J. R., Goodwin, G. M., Jones, I. R., Craddock, N. J., et al. (2015) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.154286 · Cited by 45
“3 Consistent with nationwide surveys of the population of the USA, 8,18,19 we found elevated rates of gambling problems in our UK sample of patients with bipolar disorder– specifically, that the 12-month prevalence of both severe and at least moderate risk of problem gambling is around four times…”
Behavioral Economics and Addictive Disorders
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Blum, K., Roy, A. K., Podesta, A., Modestino, E. J., Steinberg, B., Gondré-Lewis, M. C., Baron, D. A., Thanos, P. K., Lott, L., Badgaiyan, S., et al. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.031 · Cited by 42
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The “Pathological Gambling and Epidemiology” (PAGE) study program: design and fieldwork
Meyer, C., Bischof, A., Westram, A., Jeske, C., de Brito, S., Glorius, S., Schön, D., Porz, S., Guertler, D., Kastirke, N., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1458 · Cited by 43
Acculturation and gambling in Asian Americans: when culture meets availability
Kim, W. (2011) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2011.616908 · Cited by 43
Turner, N. E., Preston, D. L., McAvoy, S., et al. (2012) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-012-9321-1 · Cited by 43
“In addition, females often report gambling as an escape from their difficulties and are less likely to identify it as a competitive activity (Petry et al. 2005).”
BackgroundGrall‐Bronnec, M., Challet‐Bouju, G., Sebille, V., Gorwood, P. A. P. M., Boutin, C., Vénisse, J.-L., & Hardouin, J.-B. (2012) · Journal of Gambling Issues · doi:10.4309/jgi.2012.27.9 · Cited by 42
Goodyear‐Smith, F., Arroll, B., Kerse, N. M., Sullivan, S., Coupe, N., Tse, S. S.-K., Shepherd, R., Rossen, F. V., & Perese, L. (2006) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-7-25 · Cited by 43
“Data do suggest that problem gambling can be associated with non-gambling health problems [18,19].”
BackgroundGambling Policy in the European Union: Too Many Losers?
Forrest, D. (2008) · FinanzArchiv Public Finance Analysis · doi:10.1628/001522108x397714 · Cited by 42
MORGAN, P. T., Desai, R. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01263.x · Cited by 43
“…gender differences in some of the disorders considered here have been described previously in the NESARC data set without the consideration of parental history of alcoholism (Compton et al., 2005; Grant et al., 2004; Grant et al., 2005a; Grant et al., 2005b; Hasin et al., 2005; Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundStereotypes of problem gambling
Horch, J. D., & Hodgins, D. C. (2013) · Journal of Gambling Issues · doi:10.4309/jgi.2013.28.10 · Cited by 42
“…problem have a six-fold increased risk of having a diagnosable alcohol use condition in their lifetime (Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005), are about three times more likely to suffer from a mood disorder (Petry et al., 2005), and 41.6% of heavy gamblers are nicotine users (Smart & Ferris, 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialBarry, D. T., Stefanovics, E. A., Desai, R. A., & Potenza, M. (2010) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00098.x · Cited by 44
Jáuregui, P., Urbiola, I., & Estévez, A. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9552-z · Cited by 43
“These results corroborate the existence of the relationship between gambling and anxious and depressive symptomatology, in line with previous research (Chou and Afifi 2011; Petry et al. 2005; Shead et al. 2010).”
ResultInstrumental tool or drug: Relationship between attitudes to money and problem gambling
Blaszczynski, A. P., & Nower, L. (2010) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066351003786752 · Cited by 49
“A number of research studies have identified high levels of narcissistic and anti-social personality disorder, impulsivity and sensation-seeking in problem gamblers (Steel and Blaszczynski 2002; Nower et al. 2004; Petry et al. 2005; Ledgerwood and Petry 2006; Montalvo and Echeburua 2006).”
BackgroundÁlvarez‐Moya, E. M., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Moragas, L., Gómez‐Peña, M., Aymamí, M., Ochoa, C., Sánchez, I., Menchón, J. M., & Fernández‐Aranda, F. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617709090377 · Cited by 42
“We found no impairments in perceptual shift and mental fl exibility, as suggested by Roberts et al. ( 2007) .”
BackgroundMethodGambling prevalence rates among immigrants: A multigenerational examination
Wilson, A. N., Salas‐Wright, C. P., Vaughn, M. G., & Maynard, B. R. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.003 · Cited by 41
Diagnosis and treatment of impulse control disorders in patients with movement disorders
Mestre, T., Strafella, A. P., Thomsen, T. R., Voon, V., & Miyasaki, J. M. (2013) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/1756285613476127 · Cited by 41
“…studies conducted in North America inform us that PG is a relatively rare disorder with a prevalence of 0.42– 1% in the general population [Ferris et al. 1996; Petry et al. 2005] and a nationwide study on CS reported a lifetime prevalence of 5.8% in the adult US population [Koran et al. 2006].”
BackgroundInfluentialFactors associated with suicidal risk among a French cohort of problem gamblers seeking treatment
Guillou-Landréat, M., Guilleux, A., Sauvaget, A., Brisson, L., Leboucher, J., Remaud, M., Challet‐Bouju, G., & Grall‐Bronnec, M. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.008 · Cited by 41
de Brito, A. M. C., Pinto, M. G. D. A., Bronstein, G., Carneiro, E., Faertes, D., Fukugawa, V., Duque, A., Vasconcellos, F., & Tavares, H. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9620-z · Cited by 41
“Epidemiological GD surveys in North America report variable prevalence rates from 0.4 to 2 % (Welte et al. 2001; Petry et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialSchluter, M. G., Kim, H. S. A., Poole, J. C., Hodgins, D. C., McGrath, D. S., Dobson, K. S., & Taveres, H. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.038 · Cited by 42
Ferland, J. N., Hynes, T. J., Hounjet, C. D., Lindenbach, D., Haar, C. V., Adams, W. K., Phillips, A. G., & Winstanley, C. A. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3477-17.2018 · Cited by 46
“Indeed, in a representative survey of pathological gamblers, 73% had comorbid alcohol use disorder and nearly 40% exhibited other drug abuse (Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundProblem gambling and associated mental health concerns in elite athletes: a narrative review
Derevensky, J. L., Mcduff, D. R., Reardon, C. L., Hainline, B. W., Hitchcock, M., & Richard, J. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-100668 · Cited by 41
Aboriginal Gambling and Problem Gambling: A Review
Breen, H. M., & Gainsbury, S. (2012) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-012-9400-7 · Cited by 41
“People with prior addictions and/or mental health disorders are often at risk of developing gambling problems (Petry et al. 2005).”
BackgroundWilson, D., Lobo, D. S. S., Tavares, H., Gentil, V., & Vallada, H. (2012) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-012-9846-x · Cited by 40
“Co-morbidity profiles of PG subjects and their first-degree relatives also suggest that these disorders co-occur with substance abuse disorders at a higher-thanexpected rate (Black et al. 1998, 2006; Blanco et al. 2001; Petry et al. 2005).”
BackgroundProblem gambling and the five factor model in university students
MacLaren, V. V., Best, L. A., Dixon, M. J., & Harrigan, K. A. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.10.011 · Cited by 40
Psychological Characteristics of Problem Gamblers with and without Mood Disorder
Lister, J. J., Milosevic, A., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2015) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371506000806 · Cited by 39
Gambling disorder: an integrative review of animal and human studies
Nautiyal, K. M., Okuda, M., Hen, R., & Blanco, C. (2017) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13356 · Cited by 45
Gambling on the stock market: an unexplored issue
Granero, R., Tárrega, S., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Aymamí, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., Custal, N., Orekhova, L. Y., Savvidou, L. G., Menchón, J. M., et al. (2012) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.12.004 · Cited by 40
In Pursuit of Empirically Based Responsible Gambling Limits
Currie, S. R., Hodgins, D. C., Wang, J., el‐Guebaly, N., & Wynne, H. (2008) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459790802172265 · Cited by 39
“Furthermore, comorbid psychiatric illness increases the risk of problem gambling (el-Guebaly et al., 2006; Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundThe association between gambling pathology and personality disorders
Sacco, P., Cunningham‐Williams, R. M., Ostmann, E. L., & Spitznagel, E. L. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.11.007 · Cited by 41
Sleep and Gambling Severity in a Community Sample of Gamblers
Parhami, I., Siani, A., Rosenthal, R. J., Lin, S., Collard, M., & FONG, T. W. (2012) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2011.642754 · Cited by 38
“15 , 16 Disordered gamblers also tend to utilize more medical services, 8 are at higher risk for suicidal ideations and attempts, 17 , 18 and have decreased quality of life.”
Yau, Y. H. C., Pilver, C. E., Steinberg, M. A., Rugle, L. J., Hoff, R. A., Krishnan‐Sarin, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.003 · Cited by 39
“Previous research among adult (Engwall, Hunter, & Steinberg, 2004; Morasco et al., 2006; Petry et al., 2005) and adolescent populations (Ellenbogen, Derevensky, & Gupta, 2007; Jackson, Dowling, Thomas, Bond, & Patton, 2008; Yip et al.”
Internet‐based CBT intervention for gamblers in Finland: Experiences from the field
Castrén, S., Pankakoski, M., Tamminen, M. V., Lipsanen, J. O., Ladouceur, R., & Lahti, T. A. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12034 · Cited by 39
Petry, N., Rash, C. J., & Alessi, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000127 · Cited by 39
“Comorbidity with psychiatric conditions beyond substance use disorders was likely high (Kessler et al., 2008; Petry et al., 2005) and may influence outcomes (Hodgins & el-Guebaly, 2010; Hodgins, Peden, & Cassidy, 2005).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationTrends and patterns in UK treatment seeking gamblers: 2000–2015
Sharman, S., Murphy, R., Turner, J. J., & Roberts, A. D. L. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.009 · Cited by 38
Balodis, I. M., Lacadie, C., & Potenza, M. N. (2011) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-011-9259-8 · Cited by 38
“Indeed, future studies should incorporate clinical measures of depression or affective states, not only because of the high rates of comorbidity and shared genetic contributions to PG and major depression (Desai et al. 2007; Petry et al. 2005; Potenza et al. 2005), but also because of the close relationship observed b…”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Petry, N. M., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F.
- Affiliations
- UConn Health (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- ORCID
- Petry, Nancy M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2005-05-15
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 05
- Pages
- 564-574
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2016693718
- Cited by
- 1,245
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 83
- FWCI
- 51.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p50aa003510-27)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P50- AA03510)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH060417, R01 MH60417)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA014618, R01-DA14618, R01-DA13444, P50DA009241, R01DA016855, P50-DA-0-9241, R01DA013444)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, comorbidities, mental illness, alcoholism, drug use disorders, nicotine dependence, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, sex differences, lifetime prevalence, risk factors, National Comorbidity Survey
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Gambling, Health Surveys, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sex Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Substance-Related Disorders, Alcohol-Related Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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