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Comorbidity of DSM-IV Pathological Gambling and Other Psychiatric Disorders: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To present nationally representative data on lifetime prevalence and comorbidity of pathological gambling with other psychiatric disorders and to evaluate sex differences in the strength of the comorbid associations. METHOD: Data were derived from a large national sample of the United States. Some 43,093 household and group quarters residents age 18 years and older participated in the 2001-2002 survey. Prevalence and associations of lifetime pathological gambling and other lifetime psychiatric disorders are presented. The diagnostic interview was the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version. Fifteen symptom items operationalized the 10 pathological gambling criteria. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence rate of pathological gambling was 0.42%. Almost three quarters (73.2%) of pathological gamblers had an alcohol use disorder, 38.1% had a drug use disorder, 60.4% had nicotine dependence, 49.6% had a mood disorder, 41.3% had an anxiety disorder, and 60.8% had a personality disorder. A large majority of the associations between pathological gambling and substance use, mood, anxiety, and personality disorders were overwhelmingly positive and significant (p < .05), even after controlling for sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Male sex, black race, divorced/separated/widowed marital status, middle age, and living in the West and Midwest were associated with increased risk for pathological gambling. Further, associations between alcohol dependence, any drug use disorder, drug abuse, nicotine dependence, major depressive episode, and generalized anxiety disorder and pathological gambling were stronger among women than men (p > .05). CONCLUSION: Pathological gambling is highly comorbid with substance use, mood, anxiety, and personality disorders, suggesting that treatment for one condition should involve assessment and possible concomitant treatment for comorbid conditions.
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“Epidemiological research indicates that over 50% of PGs have a lifetime mood disorder, over 40% have a lifetime anxiety disorder, and about 23% have ASPD (Kessler et al. 2008; Petry, Stinson & Grant, 2005).”
From Subtyping Pathological Gamblers Based on Impulsivity, Depression, and Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Petry, Stinson & Grant, 2005
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, gambling disorder frequently co-occurs with substance use disorders, particularly alcohol and nicotine, as well as mood and anxiety disorders (Conway, Compton, Stinson, & Grant, 2006; B. F. Grant et al., 2004b; Petry et al., 2005; Ronzitti, Kraus, Hoff, & Potenza, 2018).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“In particular, alcohol and nicotine are the most often misused substances among individuals with gambling pathology (Petry et al., 2005).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Approximately 37% (range: 14.0% −60.3%) of subthreshold and clinical gamblers suffer from an anxiety disorder (Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2005)”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Similarly, individuals with nicotine or alcohol related substance use disorders are also more likely to meet the diagnostic criteria for GD compared to the general population (Krmpotich et al., 2015; Petry et al., 2005; Rennert et al., 2014).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis including 11 studies conducted between 1998-2010 reported an average comorbidity rate of 28.1% (range: 9.9% - 73.2%) for alcohol use disorders and 60.1% (range: 34.9% - 76.3%) for nicotine dependence in individuals with subthreshold or clinical gambling severity (Lorains et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2005).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“These effects do not appear to be merely the result of shared environmental risk factors, as supported by the work of Petry and colleagues, which reported that alcohol use disorders were significantly related to gambling disorder even after controlling for sociodemographic variables highly associated with the risk for gambling pathology, including ethnicity, age, sex, marital status and region of”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
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“Statistical Methods Several statistical procedures were conducted following recommendations of Pigott (2012). First, statistical analysis was designed to produce descriptive information on the characteristics of all included studies.”
MethodGenetic and Environmental Influences on Disordered Gambling in Men and Women
Slutske, W. S., Zhu, G., Meier, M. H., & Martin, N. G. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.51 · Cited by 116
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ResultOdlaug, B. L., Chamberlain, S. R., Kim, S. W., Schreiber, L. R. N., & Grant, J. E. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711000316 · Cited by 122
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Di Nicola, M., Tedeschi, D., Mazza, M., Martinotti, G., Harnic, D., Catalano, V., Bruschi, A., Pozzi, G., Bria, P., & Janiri, L. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.12.016 · Cited by 112
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BackgroundSlutske, W. S., Blaszczynski, A. P., & Martin, N. G. (2009) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.12.5.425 · Cited by 115
“None of the previous epidemiologic surveys of DSM-IV PG have incorporated symptom co-occurrence (‘clustering’) as a part of the diagnosis of lifetime PG (e.g. Gerstein et al., 1999; Kessler et al., 2008; Petry et al., 2005; Welte et al., 2001).”
BackgroundThe cost and impact of compulsivity: A research perspective
Hollander, E., Doernberg, E. A., Shavitt, R. G., Waterman, R. J., Soreni, N., Veltman, D. J., Sahakian, B. J., & Fineberg, N. A. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.02.006 · Cited by 120
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Self-citationAndrade, L. F., & Petry, N. M. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2508-9 · Cited by 120
“Lifetime prevalence rates of alcohol and drug use disorders among pathological gamblers are about 73% and 38%, respectively (Petry et al. 2005).”
Self-citationBehavioural addiction-A rising tide?
Chamberlain, S., Lochner, C., Stein, D., Goudriaan, A., van Holst, R. V., Zohar, J., & Grant, J. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.08.013 · Cited by 108
“More recently, data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions showed that individuals with gambling disorder also present with any mood disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and PTSD, any SUD, and alcohol use disorders (Petry et al. 2005…”
InfluentialLloyd, J., Doll, H., Hawton, K. E., Dutton, W. H., Geddes, J. R., Goodwin, G. M., & Rogers, R. D. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.038 · Cited by 122
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“By providing a single framework to integrate similar evidence that authors might have described differently, this system is gaining popularity both as a method for describing individual study results and as a strategy for integrating findings.(1,17,19,44) In addition, this approach avoids the pejorative strategy of la…”
MethodA double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate for pathological gambling
Berlin, H. A., Braun, A. R., Simeon, D., Koran, L. M., Potenza, M. N., McElroy, S. L., FONG, T. W., Pallanti, S., & Hollander, E. (2011) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.560964 · Cited by 111
“Pathological gambling (PG) has a prevalence of about 1%, and co-morbid psychiatric conditions are common (Petry et al. 2005; Cunningham-Williams et al. 2005, 2007; Kessler et al. 2008).”
BackgroundWohl, M. J. A., Davis, C. G., & Hollingshead, S. J. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.025 · Cited by 109
Jiménez-Múrcia, S., Álvarez-Moya, E., Granero, R., Aymamí, M. N., Gómez-Peña, M., Jaurrieta, N., Sans, B., Rodriguez-Marti, J., & Vallejo, J. (2007) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300601158822 · Cited by 102
“5% and 10% in North America (Cunningham-Williams et al, 2005 ; Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005 ; Westermeyer, Canive, Garrard, Thuras, & Thompson, 2005 ), according to DSM (4th edition; DSM–IV ) criteria, and similar features have been reported in Europe (Becona, 1997 ).”
Perceived stigma and self-stigma of problem gambling: perspectives of people with gambling problems
Hing, N., Nuske, E., Gainsbury, S., & Russell, A. M. T. (2015) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2015.1092566 · Cited by 110
Yip, S. W., Desai, R. A., Steinberg, M. A., Rugle, L. J., Cavallo, D. A., Krishnan‐Sarin, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2011) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00180.x · Cited by 107
Weinstein, A. M., Mezig, H., Mizrachi, S., & Lejoyeux, M. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.003 · Cited by 107
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Age of Onset in Pathological Gambling: Clinical, Therapeutic and Personality Correlates
Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Álvarez‐Moya, E. M., Stinchfield, R. D., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Granero, R., Aymamí, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., Jaurrieta, N., Bove, F. I., & Menchón, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-009-9175-3 · Cited by 105
“(Burge et al. 2004) and affective disorders (Argo and Black 2004; Petry et al. 2005 ), others found no differences regarding age of onset and gambling severity (Grant et al. 2009).”
BackgroundGambling Behavior and Problems Among Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies
Tse, S. S.-K., Hong, S.-I., Wang, C.-W., & Cunningham‐Williams, R. M. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs068 · Cited by 111
Miedl, S. F., Fehr, T., Meyer, G., & Herrmann, M. (2010) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.11.008 · Cited by 110
“5–1% (Petry et al., 2005).”
InfluentialMeta-analysis: pharmacological treatment of pathological gambling
Bartley, C. A., & Bloch, M. H. (2013) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2013.814938 · Cited by 104
Treatment of Gambling Disorders
Yip, S. W., & Potenza, M. N. (2014) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-014-0014-5 · Cited by 107
A pilot study of impulsivity and compulsivity in pathological gambling
Blanco, C., Potenza, M., Kim, S.-W., Ibáñez, Á., Zaninelli, R., Saiz-Ruiz, J., & Grant, J. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.04.023 · Cited by 102
“It is possible that factor I may be related to the anxiety symptoms that are common among pathological gamblers (Black and Moyer, 1998; Ibanez et al., 2001; Petry et al., 2005), and may improve with treatment.”
Volberg, R. A., Munck, I. M. E., & Petry, N. M. (2011) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00118.x · Cited by 102
Self-citationImpulse Control and Related Disorders in Parkinson's Disease
Lim, S., Evans, A. H., & Miyasaki, J. M. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1444.006 · Cited by 99
Review of Self-exclusion from Gambling Venues as an Intervention for Problem Gambling
Gainsbury, S. (2013) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9362-0 · Cited by 103
“Although most people gamble relatively infrequently and within affordable means, problem and the more severe pathological gambling are increasingly recognised as significant public health issues with a prevalence of 1–4 % in the adult population (Fong et al. 2011; Petry et al. 2005; Productivity Commission 2010; Wardl…”
BackgroundCowlishaw, S., & Kessler, D. S. (2015) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000437260 · Cited by 102
Neurobiological considerations in understanding behavioral treatments for pathological gambling.
Potenza, M. N., Balodis, I. M., Franco, C. A., Bullock, S. A., Xu, J., Chung, T. A., & Grant, J. E. (2013) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0032389 · Cited by 100
Gainsbury, S., Russell, A. M. T., Wood, R., Hing, N., & Blaszczynski, A. P. (2014) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444813518185 · Cited by 100
“…that drug use may be more common amongst Internet PGs, which is consistent with a large body of evidence demonstrating high rates of comorbidity between substance use and gambling disorders (Kessler et al., 2008; Petry et al., 2005) and may be facilitated by the privacy of Internet gambling.”
BackgroundThe comorbidity of tobacco smoking and gambling: A review of the literature
McGrath, D. S., & Barrett, S. P. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00097.x · Cited by 108
Impulse-Control Disorders in a College Sample
Odlaug, B. L., & Grant, J. E. (2010) · The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/pcc.09m00842whi · Cited by 99
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“5% in a large epidemiological study [32].”
Desai, R. A., Desai, M. M., & Potenza, M. N. (2007) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.21.4.431 · Cited by 99
Comparative analysis of distinct phenotypes in gambling disorder based on gambling preferences
Moragas, L., Granero, R., Stinchfield, R. D., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Fröberg, F., Aymamí, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., Fagundo, A. B., Islam, M. A., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., et al. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0459-0 · Cited by 95
“5% in the general population, independent of whether these studies are conducted in Europe [3-5], or the rest of the world [6,7].”
BackgroundWickwire, E. M., Burke, R. S., Brown, S. A., Parker, J. D., & May, R. K. (2008) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490802268934 · Cited by 97
Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Stinchfield, R. D., Álvarez‐Moya, E. M., Jaurrieta, N., García‐Bueno, B., Granero, R., Aymamí, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., Gimenez-Martinez, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., et al. (2008) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.1129 · Cited by 97
Winstanley, C. A., Cocker, P. J., & Rogers, R. D. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.230 · Cited by 101
Internet gambling: an emerging concern in family practice medicine?
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Self-citationYip, S. W., Lacadie, C., Xu, J., Worhunsky, P. D., Fulbright, R. K., Constable, R. T., & Potenza, M. N. (2011) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.568068 · Cited by 97
“…associated with AD (Pfefferbaum et al. 2000; Pfefferbaum and Sullivan 2002, 2004), elevated prevalence rates of AD in PG (Desai and Potenza 2008; Petry et al. 2005), and the similarities between PG and substance addictions, research into the relationship between alcohol use disorders and CC…”
BackgroundSerotonin 1B receptor imaging in pathological gambling
Potenza, M. N., Walderhaug, E., Henry, S. E., Gallezot, J., Planeta‐Wilson, B., Ropchan, J. R., & Neumeister, A. (2011) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.598559 · Cited by 97
“…PG may be particularly relevant to men as participants in these studies were predominantly or solely male and PG in women has shown stronger links to trauma (Petry et al. 2005a), gambling to escape dysphoria (Blanco et al. 2006) and internalizing disorders like depression (Desai and Potenza 2008).”
BackgroundDrug Insight: impulse control disorders and dopamine therapies in Parkinson's disease
Potenza, M. N., Voon, V., & Weintraub, D. A. (2007) · Nature Clinical Practice Neurology · doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0680 · Cited by 94
Gambling and Substance Use Disorders: Current Status and Future Directions
Petry, N. M. (2007) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490601077668 · Cited by 103
Self-citationBlack, D. W., Shaw, M. C., McCormick, B. A., & Allen, J. (2012) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.001 · Cited by 94
“Pathological gambling (PG) is prevalent, costly to society, and associated with substance misuse, depression, domestic violence, crime, and suicide [1-7].”
BackgroundMindfulness-based cognitive therapy for problem gambling
de Lisle, S. M., Dowling, N. A., & Sabura Allen, J. (2011) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650111401016 · Cited by 92
Executive Function in Pathological Gamblers and Healthy Controls
Ledgerwood, D. M., Orr, E. S., Kaploun, K. A., Milosevic, A., Frisch, G., Rupcich, N., & Lundahl, L. H. (2012) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-010-9237-6 · Cited by 100
“It is important to include individuals with mood disorder histories in studies of PG because up to 37% of individuals with PG also have a history of major depression and up to 17% have a history of dysthymic disorder (Petry et al. 2005).”
BackgroundNon–Substance-Addictive Behaviors in Youth: Pathological Gambling and Problematic Internet Use
Brezing, C., Derevensky, J. L., & Potenza, M. N. (2010) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2010.03.012 · Cited by 100
Stigma and problem gambling: current knowledge and future research directions
Hing, N., Holdsworth, L., Tiyce, M., & Breen, H. M. (2013) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2013.841722 · Cited by 93
Barnes, G. M., Welte, J. W., Tidwell, M. O., & Hoffman, J. H. (2015) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2014.990396 · Cited by 92
Martin, R. J., Usdan, S., Cremeens, J. L., & Vail‐Smith, K. (2013) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9367-8 · Cited by 92
“Consistent with gambling-related epidemiological research among the general population (Kessler et al. 2008; Lorains et al. 2011; Petry et al. 2005), we found correlations between disordered gambling and problem drinking and depression in the college student population.”
Gambling: The Hidden Addiction
Ladouceur, R. (2004) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370404900801 · Cited by 92
Gender Differences among Adolescents with Gambling-Related Problems
Ellenbogen, S., Derevensky, J., & Gupta, R. (2007) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-006-9048-y · Cited by 89
“However, a recent examination incorporating a large representative American sample revealed that adult female pathological gamblers were more likely than males to have a history of alcohol dependence, drug abuse, depression, and anxiety ( Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005 ).”
BackgroundXian, H., Giddens, J. L., Scherrer, J. F., Eisen, S. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12407 · Cited by 87
Neural and psychological underpinnings of gambling disorder: A review
Grant, J. E., Odlaug, B. L., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2015) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.10.007 · Cited by 103
“Surveys suggest that the prevalence of gambling disorder in the general United States population ranges from 0.42% to 1.9%, and similar rates have been reported worldwide (Hodgins et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2005; Shaffer et al., 1999).”
InfluentialParallel Roles for Dopamine in Pathological Gambling and Psychostimulant Addiction
Zack, M. H., & Poulos, C. X. (2009) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/1874473710902010011 · Cited by 87
“PG is characterized by high rates of co-morbidity including major depressive disorder (~50% prevalence in PG [6]) and alcohol use disorder (as noted above [14]).”
BackgroundPark, S., Cho, M. J., Jeon, H. J., Lee, H. W., Bae, J. N., Park, J. I., Sohn, J. H., Lee, Y. R., Lee, J., & Hong, J. P. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0102-9 · Cited by 86
“ological and problem gamblers, and explored concurrent substance use disorders [3, 9, 36], only two national surveys, both in the United States, have examined associations between pathological gambling and a wide range of psychiatric disorders [17, 29].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInjunctive Norms and Problem Gambling among College Students
Neighbors, C., Lostutter, T. W., Whiteside, U. S., Fossos, N., Walker, D. D., & Larimer, M. E. (2007) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-007-9059-3 · Cited by 86
“Thus, over the past several decades disordered gambling has become a significant public health problem in its own right (Korn and Shaffer 1999) and is associated with a host of other disorders, especially those related to alcohol and other substance use (Petry et al. 2005).”
BackgroundDynamic risk factors in the misuse of opioid analgesics
Pergolizzi, J. V., Gharibo, C. G., Passik, S. D., Labhsetwar, S. A., Taylor, R., Pergolizzi, J. S., & Müller-Schwefe, G. H. H. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.02.009 · Cited by 84
Subtyping Study of a Pathological Gamblers Sample
Álvarez-Moya, E. M., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Aymamí, M. N., Gómez-Peña, M., Granero, R., Santamaría, J., Menchón, J. M., & Fernández-Aranda, F. (2010) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371005500804 · Cited by 80
“SUDs are the most frequent comorbid features of PG, ranging from 30% to 70%.(2,3) Increasing evidence points to PG and other disorders of impulse control (for example, bulimia nervosa or sexual addictions) as part of an addictive spectrum sharing the same underlying biopsychosocial process, together with other types o…”
BackgroundSex differences among treatment-seeking adult pathologic gamblers.
Granero, R., Penelo, E., Martínez-Giménez, R., Álvarez-Moya, E., Gómez-Peña, M., Aymamí, M., Bueno, B., Fernández-Aranda, F., & Jiménez-Múrcia, S. (2009) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.07.005 · Cited by 87
“Some researchers did not find differences in terms of sex between PG and comorbidities [24], but others suggested that women had a higher risk of other psychiatric disorders, such as mood disorders [37–39], generalized anxiety, alcohol dependence, and use and abuse of drugs [40].”
BackgroundNational gambling experiences in the United States: will history repeat itself?
Petry, N. M., & Blanco, C. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03894.x · Cited by 83
“Pathological gambling, similarly to substance use disorders, predominantly impacts lower socio-economic groups [8,9].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMoghaddam, J. F., Yoon, G., Dickerson, D. L., Kim, S. W., & Westermeyer, J. J. (2015) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12197 · Cited by 84
“Current pathological gambling was not assessed due to low prevalence and subsequent low power in ensuing analyses.(16) The AUDADIS-IV has shown good internal consistency reliability for lifetime pathological gambling (a1⁄4 .”
Discounting and pathological gambling.
Petry, N. M., & Madden, G. J. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12069-010 · Cited by 84
“…18 surveys of adults in treatment for substance use disorders, lifetime rates of pathological gambling were estimated at 14%, significantly higher than the 0.4-2.0% rate of lifetime pathological gambling in general population surveys (Gerstein et al., 1999; Petry et al., 2005; Welte et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationStriatal dopamine release codes uncertainty in pathological gambling
Linnet, J., Mouridsen, K., Peterson, E., Møller, A., Doudet, D. J., & Gjedde, A. (2012) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.04.012 · Cited by 82
Phenomenology and treatment of behavioural addictions
Grant, J. E., Schreiber, L. R., & Odlaug, B. L. (2013) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371305800502 · Cited by 82
Predictors of Problem Gambling in the U.S
Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Tidwell, M.-C. O., & Wieczorek, W. F. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9639-1 · Cited by 82
“Using data from a large national U.S. sample (the NESARC study), Petry et al. (2005) found positive comorbidity of pathological gambling with anxiety disorder and depression.”
MethodSharman, S., Butler, K., & Roberts, A. D. L. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106071 · Cited by 90
“…al., 2014; Kerber, Black, & Buckwalter, 2008; Kerber, et al., 2012; Levens et al, 2005; Lichtenberg et al., 2009; Pietrzak, Molina, Ladd, Kerins, & Petry, 2005; Pietrzak, Morasco, Blanco, Grant, & Petry, 2007; Pilver & Potenza, 2013, Southwell et al, 2008), as well as having alcohol or substance…”
The absence of DSM-IV nicotine dependence in moderate-to-heavy daily smokers
Donny, E. C., & Dierker, L. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.019 · Cited by 81
“The AUDADIS-IV measure of nicotine dependence has been show to relate to pathological gambling (Petry et al., 2005), depression, and alcohol dependence (Dierker and Donny, under review), and similar measures of DSMIV dependence (i.”
BackgroundGambling and substance use: Comorbidity and treatment implications
Grant, J. E., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109852 · Cited by 85
Female Pathological Gamblers—A Critical Review of the Clinical Findings
Wenzel, H. G., & Dahl, A. (2008) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-008-9174-0 · Cited by 79
“The importance of also attending to co-morbid mental disorders was mentioned by both a higher quality study (Petry et al. 2005b) and a lower quality study (Ladd and Petry 2002).”
BackgroundYip, S. W., Morie, K. P., Xu, J., Constable, R. T., Malison, R. T., Carroll, K. M., & Potenza, M. N. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.03.001 · Cited by 80
Griffiths, M. D., Wardle, H., Orford, J., Sproston, K., & Erens, B. (2010) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066350902928569 · Cited by 79
“More recently, Petry et al. (2005) reported that just under two-thirds of problem gamblers had a nicotine dependence (60%), approximately three-quarters had an alcohol use disorder (73”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWohl, M., Matheson, K., Young, M. M., & Anisman, H. (2008) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-007-9080-6 · Cited by 83
“Symptoms of depression and impulsivity, as previously reported (Blaszczynski et al. 1997; Getty et al. 2000; Goodyear-Smith et al. 2006; Kim et al. 2006; Petry et al. 2005; Scherrer et al. 2005; Steel and Blaszczynski 1998), were also elevated in relation to gambling behaviors.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEitle, D. J. (2011) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01552.x · Cited by 78
Griffiths, M. D., Wardle, H., Orford, J., Sproston, K., & Erens, B. (2009) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-009-9246-9 · Cited by 79
“Petry et al. (2005) reported that just under two-thirds of problem gamblers had a nicotine dependence (60%), approximately three-quarters had an alcohol use disorder (73%), and that just over a third had a drug use disorder (38%).”
BackgroundEvaluating the South Oaks Gambling Screen With DSM-IV and DSM-5 Criteria
Goodie, A. S., MacKillop, J., Miller, J. D., Fortune, E. E., Maples, J. L., Lance, C. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113500522 · Cited by 78
“African Americans have been reported to have systematically more severe gambling problems (Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005).”
ResultInfluentialThe impact of casinos on fatal alcohol-related traffic accidents in the United States
Cotti, C. D., & Walker, D. M. (2010) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.08.002 · Cited by 78
“Petry et al. (2005) have estimated that over 70% of athological gamblers in the U.S. also have an alcohol use disorer.”
BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in treatment-seeking pathological gamblers
Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. M. (2006) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20123 · Cited by 77
Self-citationCo-clustering phenome–genome for phenotype classification and disease gene discovery
Hwang, T., Atluri, G., Xie, M., Dey, S., Hong, C., Kumar, V., & Kuang, R. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gks615 · Cited by 77
“ALS is a disease of the nerve cells in the brain and causes unstable muscle movement and Gambling, pathologic is a disabling disorder to fail to resist impulses to gamble, known for frequently co-occur with other psychiatric disorders (85,86).”
BackgroundHåkansson, A., Karlsson, A., & Widinghoff, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00426 · Cited by 80
Hong, S.-I., Sacco, P., & Cunningham‐Williams, R. M. (2009) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860802459849 · Cited by 76
“living single or divorced), male gender, middle age and being African American ( Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005; Welte, Barnes, Wieczorek, & Tidwell, 2004).”
BackgroundAttentional Bias in Problem Gambling: A Systematic Review
Hønsi, A., Mentzoni, R. A., Molde, H., & Pallesen, S. (2013) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-012-9315-z · Cited by 75
Erbas, B., & Buchner, U. G. (2012) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2012.0173 · Cited by 76
Håkansson, A., Mårdhed, E., & Zaar, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00255 · Cited by 76
“Psychol Addict Behav (2009) 23(1):105–12.”
BackgroundExecutive function abnormalities in pathological gamblers
Marazziti, D., Dell’Osso, M. C., Conversano, C., Consoli, G., Vivarelli, L., Mungai, F., Nasso, E. D., & Golia, F. (2008) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1745-0179-4-7 · Cited by 73
Cowlishaw, S., & Hakes, J. K. (2015) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12242 · Cited by 77
Ford, M., & Håkansson, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227644 · Cited by 72
“5 times more likely to be a problem gambler [11].”
BackgroundInfluentialTemperament and Character in Pathological Gambling
Nordin, C., & Nylander, P. (2007) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-006-9049-x · Cited by 75
“PG is often associated with substance abuse and depression (Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundOdlaug, B. L., Marsh, P. J., Kim, S. W., & Grant, J. E. (2011) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012371102300204 · Cited by 81
Problem gambling among ethnic minorities: results from an epidemiological study
Caler, K., Garcia, J. R. V., & Nower, L. (2017) · Asian Journal of Gambling Issues and Public Health · doi:10.1186/s40405-017-0027-2 · Cited by 78
“These findings generally mirror sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidity patterns found in earlier studies (Petry et al. 2005; Welte et al. 2001) as well as in special sub-groups of Black gamblers ([hotline callers] Barry et al.”
ResultCurrent pharmacotherapy for gambling disorder: a systematic review
Kraus, S. W., Etuk, R., & Potenza, M. N. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2019.1702969 · Cited by 83
Conceptualizing and Treating Problem Gambling as a Family Issue
McComb, J. L., Lee, B. K., & Sprenkle, D. H. (2009) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.00146.x · Cited by 73
Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease in a Chinese population
Fan, W., Ding, H., Ma, J., & Chan, P. (2009) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.074 · Cited by 72
Brief motivational interventions for college student problem gamblers
Petry, N. M., Weinstock, J., Morasco, B. J., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2009) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02652.x · Cited by 74
Self-citationMarital Status, Childhood Maltreatment, and Family Dysfunction
Black, D. W., Shaw, M. C., McCormick, B. A., & Allen, J. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.12m07800 · Cited by 73
Metadata
- Authors
- Petry, N. M., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F.
- Affiliations
- UConn Health (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- ORCID
- Petry, Nancy M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2005-05-15
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 05
- Pages
- 564-574
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2016693718
- Cited by
- 1,245
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 83
- FWCI
- 51.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p50aa003510-27)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P50- AA03510)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH060417, R01 MH60417)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA014618, R01-DA14618, R01-DA13444, P50DA009241, R01DA016855, P50-DA-0-9241, R01DA013444)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, comorbidities, mental illness, alcoholism, drug use disorders, nicotine dependence, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, sex differences, lifetime prevalence, risk factors, National Comorbidity Survey
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Gambling, Health Surveys, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sex Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Substance-Related Disorders, Alcohol-Related Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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