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Comorbidity of DSM-IV Pathological Gambling and Other Psychiatric Disorders: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To present nationally representative data on lifetime prevalence and comorbidity of pathological gambling with other psychiatric disorders and to evaluate sex differences in the strength of the comorbid associations. METHOD: Data were derived from a large national sample of the United States. Some 43,093 household and group quarters residents age 18 years and older participated in the 2001-2002 survey. Prevalence and associations of lifetime pathological gambling and other lifetime psychiatric disorders are presented. The diagnostic interview was the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version. Fifteen symptom items operationalized the 10 pathological gambling criteria. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence rate of pathological gambling was 0.42%. Almost three quarters (73.2%) of pathological gamblers had an alcohol use disorder, 38.1% had a drug use disorder, 60.4% had nicotine dependence, 49.6% had a mood disorder, 41.3% had an anxiety disorder, and 60.8% had a personality disorder. A large majority of the associations between pathological gambling and substance use, mood, anxiety, and personality disorders were overwhelmingly positive and significant (p < .05), even after controlling for sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Male sex, black race, divorced/separated/widowed marital status, middle age, and living in the West and Midwest were associated with increased risk for pathological gambling. Further, associations between alcohol dependence, any drug use disorder, drug abuse, nicotine dependence, major depressive episode, and generalized anxiety disorder and pathological gambling were stronger among women than men (p > .05). CONCLUSION: Pathological gambling is highly comorbid with substance use, mood, anxiety, and personality disorders, suggesting that treatment for one condition should involve assessment and possible concomitant treatment for comorbid conditions.
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“Epidemiological research indicates that over 50% of PGs have a lifetime mood disorder, over 40% have a lifetime anxiety disorder, and about 23% have ASPD (Kessler et al. 2008; Petry, Stinson & Grant, 2005).”
From Subtyping Pathological Gamblers Based on Impulsivity, Depression, and Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Petry, Stinson & Grant, 2005
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, gambling disorder frequently co-occurs with substance use disorders, particularly alcohol and nicotine, as well as mood and anxiety disorders (Conway, Compton, Stinson, & Grant, 2006; B. F. Grant et al., 2004b; Petry et al., 2005; Ronzitti, Kraus, Hoff, & Potenza, 2018).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“In particular, alcohol and nicotine are the most often misused substances among individuals with gambling pathology (Petry et al., 2005).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Approximately 37% (range: 14.0% −60.3%) of subthreshold and clinical gamblers suffer from an anxiety disorder (Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2005)”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Similarly, individuals with nicotine or alcohol related substance use disorders are also more likely to meet the diagnostic criteria for GD compared to the general population (Krmpotich et al., 2015; Petry et al., 2005; Rennert et al., 2014).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis including 11 studies conducted between 1998-2010 reported an average comorbidity rate of 28.1% (range: 9.9% - 73.2%) for alcohol use disorders and 60.1% (range: 34.9% - 76.3%) for nicotine dependence in individuals with subthreshold or clinical gambling severity (Lorains et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2005).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“These effects do not appear to be merely the result of shared environmental risk factors, as supported by the work of Petry and colleagues, which reported that alcohol use disorders were significantly related to gambling disorder even after controlling for sociodemographic variables highly associated with the risk for gambling pathology, including ethnicity, age, sex, marital status and region of”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Petry et al., 2005
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Disordered Gambling in Residential Substance Use Treatment Centers: An Unmet Need
Leavens, E., Marotta, J. J., & Weinstock, J. (2014) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2014.909697 · Cited by 18
“Even if gambling is not a problem at the moment, awareness of a client’s history is still of importance.(1) The sample included only individuals seeking residential treatment and may not be fully representative of the populations under study.”
BackgroundInfluentialUse of Cocaine by Heavy Drinkers Increases Vulnerability to Developing Alcohol Dependence
Rubio, G., Manzanares, J., Jiménez, M., Rodrigues-Jimenez, R., Martínez, I. M., Iribarren, M. M., Jiménez‐Arriero, M. Á., Ponce, G., & Palomo, T. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0407 · Cited by 20
The Clustering of Psychiatric Disorders in High-Risk Gambling Populations
Abdollahnejad, M. R., Delfabbro, P., & Denson, L. A. (2013) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9392-7 · Cited by 20
“…are well-known to counselling services, it has also been increasingly recognised that pathological gamblers and, in particular, the types of people who seek help for gambling-problems, often have high levels of psychiatric co-morbidities as compared to the general population (Petry et al. 2005).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialKomorbidität bei Pathologischem Glücksspiel *
Premper, V., & Schulz, W. (2008) · SUCHT - Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis / Journal of Addiction Research and Practice · doi:10.1024/2008.03.03 · Cited by 20
Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., & Schiffman, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2019.1589660 · Cited by 20
Cardullo, S., Pérez, L. J. G., Marconi, L., Terraneo, A., Gallimberti, L., Bonci, A., & Madeo, G. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8060768 · Cited by 22
Ciccarelli, M., Cosenza, M., Griffiths, M. D., D’Olimpio, F., & Nigro, G. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.29 · Cited by 20
Myerson, J., Green, L., van den Berk‐Clark, C., & Grucza, R. A. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4076-x · Cited by 20
“2014a), which is relevant because of the comorbidity of alcohol dependence and pathological gambling (Petry et al. 2005).”
Moghaddam, J. F., Dickerson, D. L., Yoon, G., & Westermeyer, J. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.017 · Cited by 20
“In the generalpopulation, the rate of omorbidity between pathological gambling and nicotine dependnce has been cited as high as 60% (Petry et al., 2005), and in our revious study, the comorbidity rate was 17%, with pathological ambling being significantly associated with nicotine dependence Dickerson et al.”
BackgroundSmart, K. A., Desmond, R. C., Poulos, C. X., & Zack, M. H. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.015 · Cited by 22
“Second, most PG subjects have some form of co-morbid psychiatric disorder (Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundDo male and female gamblers have the same burden of adversity over their life course?
Andronicos, M., Beauchamp, G., DiMambro, M., Robert, M., Besson, J., & Séguin, M. (2015) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2015.1024706 · Cited by 20
“While in a cross-sectional study Petry et al. (2005) reported higher scores of childhood trauma among in-treatment female gamblers.”
BackgroundInterpersonal Guilt in College Student Pathological Gamblers
Locke, G. W., Shilkret, R. B., Everett, J. E., & Petry, N. M. (2012) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2012.694520 · Cited by 20
“Pathological gambling is associated with substance abuse (10) and negative emotions (11–14).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationFirst Treatment Contact for ADHD: Predictors of and Gender Differences in Treatment Seeking
Dakwar, E., LEVIN, F. R., Olfson, M., Wang, S., Kerridge, B. T., & Blanco, C. (2014) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300298 · Cited by 24
A Review of Problem Gambling Assessment Instruments and Brief Screens
Stinchfield, R. D. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118316078.ch8 · Cited by 21
Post-traumatic stress symptoms in pathological gambling: Potential evidence of anti-reward processes
Green, C. L., Nahhas, R. W., Scoglio, A. A., & Elman, I. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.006 · Cited by 19
“…of PG with major depression (Getty, Watson, & Frisch, 2000) in conjunction with cocaine (Konkoly Thege, Hodgins, & Wild, 2016) and alcohol (Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005) dependence, however, implementing these as exclusion factors would have ruled out a high percentage of subject…”
BackgroundPathological Gambling and the Structure of Common Mental Disorders
Oleski, J., Cox, B. J., Clara, I. P., & Hills, A. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182392931 · Cited by 19
“Previous research has found that men are often prompted to gamble in the quest for excitement or thrill-seeking, whereas women may be more motivated to gamble in an effort to regulate low mood (Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundPathologisches Glücksspiel und Computerspielabhängigkeit
Wölfling, K., & Müller, K. W. (2010) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-010-1038-7 · Cited by 19
Problem gamblers in primary care: can GPs do more?
Sanju, G., & Gerada, C. (2011) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp11x567027 · Cited by 19
Markham, F., Young, M., & Doran, B. J. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00430.x · Cited by 19
Pergolizzi, J. V., Zampogna, G., Taylor, R., Valero, E. G., Posada, J., & Raffa, R. B. (2016) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00042 · Cited by 19
“The Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) evaluates 10 psychosocial risk factors for opioid abuse, including history of substance abuse, sexual abuse, and mental health disorders.”
BackgroundHuỳnh, C., Tremblay, J., & Fleury, M. (2016) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2016.09.007 · Cited by 19
Behavioural addictions: Classification and consequences
Mann, K. F., Kiefer, F., Schellekens, A., & Dom, G. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.04.008 · Cited by 19
“In addition, high comorbidity rates exist between gambling disorder and substance-use disorders [7,8].”
BackgroundGambling disorder: Association between duration of illness, clinical, and neurocognitive variables
Medeiros, G. C., Redden, S. A., Chamberlain, S. R., & Grant, J. E. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.029 · Cited by 20
“GD is correlated with a wide range of negative consequences, such as legal, relational, financial, and occupational problems (Grant & Kim, 2005; Petry & Kiluk, 2002; Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundEfficacy of a self-help treatment for at-risk and pathological gamblers
Boudreault, C., Giroux, I., Jacques, C., Goulet, A., Simoneau, H., & Ladouceur, R. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9717-z · Cited by 19
Dowd, D. A., Keough, M. T., Jakobson, L. S., Bolton, J. M., & Edgerton, J. D. (2018) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2018.1520909 · Cited by 19
Sharp, C., Dellis, A., Hofmeyr, A., Kincaid, H., & Ross, D. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9469-y · Cited by 19
“National population-based studies address this problem and should therefore be considered the gold standard in investigating comorbidity between conditions (Petry et al. 2005; el-Guebaly et al. 2006; Kessler et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialJogo patológico e suas conseqüências para a saúde pública
de Oliveira, M. P. M. T., da Silveira, D. X., & Silva, M. T. A. (2008) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0034-89102008005000026 · Cited by 20
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Problem Gambling among College Students
Rinker, D. V., Rodriguez, L. M., Krieger, H., Tackett, J. L., & Neighbors, C. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9563-9 · Cited by 18
“Epidemiological studies of gambling prevalence in the U.S. have found that Black and Hispanic adults are more likely to exhibit problem, pathological, or disordered gambling than Caucasians (Alegrı́a et al. 2009; Barry et al. 2011; CunninghamWilliams et al. 2000; Kessler et al. 2008; Petry et al. Grant 2005).”
ResultZimmerman, M., Young, D., Chelminski, I., Dalrymple, K. L., & Galione, J. N. (2011) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.03.004 · Cited by 18
“These findings are not altogether surprising because prior studies of a variety of diagnoses have found elevated levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders [17-33].”
ResultNeither bipolar nor obsessive-compulsive disorder: compulsive buyers are impulsive acquirers
Filomensky, T. Z., de Almeida, K. M., Nogueira, M. C. C., Diniz, J. B., Lafer, B., Borcato, S., & Tavares, H. (2011) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.09.005 · Cited by 18
“Indeed, in a large population survey, about 23% of individuals fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for pathologic gambling (PG) also fulfilled criteria for at least 1 lifetime manic episode [13].”
BackgroundEffects of stress and alcohol cues in men with and without problem gambling and alcohol use disorder
Steinberg, L., Tremblay, A.-M., Zack, M. H., Busto, U. E., & Zawertailo, L. A. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.011 · Cited by 19
Shin, Y. C., Lim, S., Choi, S., Kim, S. W., & Grant, J. E. (2009) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-009-9125-0 · Cited by 18
Miedl, S. F., Fehr, T., Herrmann, M., & Meyer, G. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0229-4 · Cited by 19
Socio-demographic profile and psychiatric comorbidity of subjects with pathological gambling.
Winslow, M., Subramaniam, M., Qiu, S., & Lee, A. (2010) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n2p122 · Cited by 20
Piasecki, T. M., Gizer, I. R., & Slutske, W. S. (2019) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2019.90 · Cited by 18
“The current findings extend this work, demonstrating that polygenic risk for SCZ associates with a behavioral addiction, DG, that is highly comorbid with substance use disorders in the general population (Kessler et al., 2008; Petry et al., 2005) and among individuals with psychosis (Fortgang et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialClustering Finnish Gambler Profiles Based on the Money and Time Consumed in Gambling Activities
Heiskanen, M., & Toikka, A. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9556-8 · Cited by 18
“Pathological gambling has been found to be comorbid with substance use, mood, anxiety, and personality disorders (Petry et al. 2005).”
BackgroundHousing Stability and Problem Gambling: Is There a Relationship?
Gattis, M. N., & Cunningham‐Williams, R. M. (2011) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2011.598716 · Cited by 18
“In this sample, gambling problems co-occur with substance use disorder, namely drug abuse/dependence, a finding consistent with national studies (National Research Council, 1999; Petry et al., 2005).”
ResultGPs and Problem Gambling: Can they Help with Identification and Early Intervention?
Tolchard, B., Thomas, L. J., & Battersby, M. (2007) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-007-9062-8 · Cited by 18
An fMRI study of decision-making under sunk costs in gambling disorder
Fujino, J., Kawada, R., Tsurumi, K., Takeuchi, H., Murao, T., Takemura, A., Tei, S., Murai, T., & Takahashi, H. (2018) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.09.006 · Cited by 18
Grall‐Bronnec, M., Challet‐Bouju, G., Guillou-Landréat, M., & Vénisse, J.-L. (2010) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2010.02.002 · Cited by 18
Disulfiram, an old drug with new potential in the treatment of pathological gambling?
Mutschler, J., Fauth‐Bühler, M., Diehl, A., Mann, K. F., & Kiefer, F. (2009) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.007 · Cited by 17
Physiological Effects of Slot Play in Women
Yucha, C. B., Bernhard, B. J., & Prato, C. (2007) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-007-9040-z · Cited by 19
“The higher rates of co-morbidities (e.g., alcohol & substance abuse, nicotine dependence, anxiety) in gamblers may also account for the differences in baseline physiology (Dannon et al. 2006; Petry et al. 2005 ).”
BackgroundAssociation of Pathological Gambling with Depression in Scotland
Moodie, C., & Finnigan, F. (2006) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.99.2.407-417 · Cited by 19
Prevalence and potential predictors of gambling disorder among people living with HIV
Langan, K., Wall, M., Potts, W., & Himelhoch, S. (2018) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2018.1499858 · Cited by 17
“The results of this study show the percentage of problem gamblers is higher in an urban HIV clinic than in the general population (0.4–4.2%; Barry et al., 2011; Lorains et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2005; Rush et al., 2008; Shaffer & Hall, 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSubstance-Related and Addictive Disorders
(2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x16_substance_related_disorders · Cited by 25
Gómez-Peña, M., Penelo, E., Granero, R., Fernández-Aranda, F., Álvarez-Moya, E., Santamaría, J., Moragas, L., Aymamí, M., Bueno, B., Gunnard, K., et al. (2011) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466510x511006 · Cited by 17
A Single-Blind Study of ‘As-Needed’ Ecopipam for Gambling Disorder
Grant, J. E., Odlaug, B. L., Black, D. W., FONG, T. W., Davtian, M., Chipkin, R. E., & Kim, S. W. (2014) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012371402600304 · Cited by 17
Zoratto, F., Romano, E., Pascale, E., Pucci, M., Falconi, A., Dell’Osso, B. M., Maccarrone, M., Giovanni Laviola, A., D’Addario, C., & Adriani, W. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.041 · Cited by 18
Tulloch, C., Browne, M., Hing, N., & Rockloff, M. (2020) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-020-09990-x · Cited by 17
Gambling and Early Maladaptive Schemas in a Treatment-seeking Sample of Male Alcohol Users
Shorey, R. C., Anderson, S. T., & Stuart, G. L. (2011) · Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment · doi:10.1097/adt.0b013e31823eda8f · Cited by 17
Jeu pathologique : facteurs impliqués
Challet‐Bouju, G., Grall‐Bronnec, M., Guillou-Landréat, M., & Vénisse, J.-L. (2011) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2011.01.003 · Cited by 27
Ekholm, O., Davidsen, M., Larsen, C. V. L., & Juel, K. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494817739501 · Cited by 17
Russell, T. I., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2019) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000311 · Cited by 17
Xian, H., Shah, K. R., Potenza, M. N., Volberg, R. A., Chantarujikapong, S., True, W. R., Lyons, M. J., Tsuang, M. T., & Eisen, S. A. (2008) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0b013e31816d699f · Cited by 15
Is there such a thing as gambling dual disorder? Preliminary evidence and clinical profiles
Szerman, N., Basurte-Villamor, I., Vega, P., Mesías, B., Martı́nez-Raga, J., Ferre, F., & Arango, C. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.11.010 · Cited by 16
“Here, ADHD, which is not commonly included in epidemiological studies ( Petry et al., 2005 ), showed the highest prevalence by categorical diagnosis.”
Perfetto, R., & Woodside, A. G. (2009) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-009-9130-3 · Cited by 16
“(Hollander et al. 2000: 630) Petry et al. (2005) identify PG Americans who meet clinical diagnostic criteria to represent .42% of adults (using survey data from 43.092 household and group quarter residents.”
BackgroundInfluentialHuggett, S. B., Winiger, E. A., Corley, R. P., Hewitt, J. K., & Stallings, M. C. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.01.024 · Cited by 16
Mena-Moreno, T., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Granero, R., Munguía, L., Steward, T., López-González, H., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Lozano‐Madrid, M., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621953 · Cited by 18
“The prevalence of GD has been estimated to range between 0.12 and 5.8% (Calado and Griffiths, 2016), and lifetime prevalence rates for GD have been estimated to be around 0.5% (Petry et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialMartins, S. S., Ghandour, L. A., Lee, G. P., & Storr, C. L. (2010) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2010.489447 · Cited by 15
Suicidality in Non-Treatment Seeking Young Adults with Subsyndromal Gambling Disorder
Grant, J. E., Derbyshire, K. L., Leppink, E. W., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2014) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-014-9312-8 · Cited by 16
Sociocultural Influences on Gambling and Alcohol Use Among Native Americans in the United States
Wolf, D. A. P.-S., Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Tidwell, M. O., & Spicer, P. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9512-z · Cited by 17
“A 12-item Native American identity scale was developed based on previous work of Phinney (1992) and Moran and Bussey (2007).”
MethodInfluentialMaremmani, A. G. I., Gazzarrini, D., Fiorin, A., Cingano, V., Bellio, G., Perugi, G., & Maremmani, I. (2018) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-018-0173-7 · Cited by 16
“Personality disorders are more common among GD patients [36], and the prevalence of multiple comorbid disorders was found to be at a high level as well.”
Kapsomenakis, A., Simos, P. G., Konstantakopoulos, G., & Kasselimis, D. S. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9758-y · Cited by 15
“From a clinical perspective, PG is connected with high levels of co-morbidity with a variety of disorders (Kessler et al. 2008; Petry et al. 2005).”
BackgroundWhiting, S. W., Hoff, R. A., Balodis, I. M., & Potenza, M. N. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9809-4 · Cited by 16
“Substance use, mood, and anxiety disorders are particularly common (Chou and Afifi 2011; Lorains et al. 2011; Petry et al. 2005) and have been incorporated into personality models of gambling to aid in explaining individual differences.”
Personality Disorders and Pathological Gambling: Comorbidity and Treatment Dropout Predictors
Pelletier, O., Ladouceur, R., & Rhéaume, J. (2008) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459790802405913 · Cited by 17
Research priorities in gambling: Findings of a large-scale expert study
Czakó, A., Potenza, M. N., Hodgins, D. C., Yu, S. M., Wu, A. M. S., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Bowden‐Jones, H., King, D. L., Billieux, J., Bőthe, B., et al. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00072 · Cited by 15
“Gambling disorder is frequently associated with co-occurring mental disorders, for example, substance use, mood, anxiety, and personality disorders (Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005).”
The bidirectional relationship between gambling and addictive substances
Bussu, A., & Detotto, C. (2015) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2015.1042493 · Cited by 15
“Using a nationally representative data in the US, Petry et al. (2005) measured the associations between lifetime pathological gambling and other lifetime psychiatric disorders: they observed that about three-quarters of pathological gamblers had an alcohol use disorder, 60.4% exhibited nicotine dependence and 38.1% ha…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSanchez, S., Jindani, F., Shi, J. C., van der Maas, M., Hagopian, S., Murray, R., & Turner, N. E. (2019) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-019-1011-9 · Cited by 15
Internet an Integral Part of Human Life in 21st Century: A Review
Joshi, R., Pavithra, N., & Singh, C. K. (2022) · Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology · doi:10.9734/cjast/2022/v41i363963 · Cited by 28
“ The person found with IAD are found incidence with other co-morbid conditions such as Anger and Alexithymia [14,15,De 16,17,18,19]; emotional maladjustments; poor sleep quality [20]; alcohol dependence [21,22], etc.”
BackgroundA Longitudinal Examination of Depression Among Gambling Inpatients
Moghaddam, J. F., Campos, M. D., Myo, C., Reid, R. C., & Fong, T. W. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9518-6 · Cited by 19
Illicit Drug Use and Problem Gambling
Ferentzy, P., Skinner, W. J. W., & Matheson, F. I. (2013) · ISRN Addiction · doi:10.1155/2013/342392 · Cited by 18
Estimated verbal IQ and the odds of problem gambling: a population-based study
Rai, D., Hall, W., Bebbington, P., Skapinakis, P., Hassiotis, A., Weich, S., Meltzer, H., Moran, P., Brugha, T. S., Strydom, A., et al. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002195 · Cited by 15
“…& Johansson, 2003; Welte et al. 2004; Kessler et al. 2008; Bakken et al. 2009; Afifi et al. 2010; Tavares et al. 2010), have mental health problems (Petry et al. 2005; Kessler et al. 2008; Lorains et al. 2011), experience disabilities (Morasco & Petry, 2006) and report alcohol and substance misuse…”
BackgroundPartial Agonist Therapy in Schizophrenia: Relevance to Diminished Criminal Responsibility
Gavaudan, G., Magalon, D., Cohen, J., et al. (2010) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01483.x · Cited by 15
“It should also be noted that both premorbid gambling (case one) and a history of drug use (nicotine for case one and cannabis for case two) are considered to be associated with high-risk individuals (3,6), whereas schizophrenia is not.”
BackgroundStriley, C. W., Chichetto, N. E., & Cottler, L. B. (2016) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.10.013 · Cited by 15
“Research also supports the relationship between gambling and increased rate of self-induced vomiting [25] and depression [22,26,27].”
BackgroundAn evaluation of the pathways model using the Quinte Longitudinal dataset
Mader, J., Christensen, D. R., & Williams, R. J. (2019) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2019.1602158 · Cited by 15
Etxandi, M., Baenas, I., Munguía, L., Mestre‐Bach, G., Granero, R., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Codina, E., Mora‐Maltas, B., et al. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10071-w · Cited by 16
“GD frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders including substance use, mood, anxiety and personality disorders (Grant & Chamberlain, 2015; Karlsson et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2018; Petry et al., 2005; Tackett et al., 2017).”
BackgroundThe latest achievements in the pharmacotherapy of gambling disorder
Łabuzek, K., Beil, S., Beil-Gawełczyk, J., Gabryel, B., Franik, G., & Okopień, B. (2014) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2014.05.003 · Cited by 14
Peles, E., Schreiber, S., & Adelson, M. (2009) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550880903014106 · Cited by 15
Le jeu pathologique à l’adolescence
Caillon, J., Grall‐Bronnec, M., Challet‐Bouju, G., Lagadec, M., & Vénisse, J.-L. (2012) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2011.11.020 · Cited by 15
Dopaminergic Medication in Parkinson’s Disease and Problem Gambling
Olley, J., Blaszczynski, A. P., & Lewis, S. J. G. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9503-0 · Cited by 15
“(2007), and is also consistent with research on personality traits associated with pathological gambling in the general population (Raylu and Oei 2002; Petry et al. 2005; Potenza and Hollander 2002).”
ResultPersonality Disorders and Dimensions in Pathological Gambling
Odlaug, B. L., Schreiber, L. R. N., & Grant, J. E. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2012.26.3.381 · Cited by 16
FONG, T. W., Campos, M. D., Rosenthal, R. J., et al. (2009) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-009-9238-7 · Cited by 15
“Problem/pathological gambling is associated with co-occurring substance use disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders [12], suicidality [13], and intimate partner violence [14, 15].”
BackgroundAndrade, L. F., & Petry, N. M. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0036153 · Cited by 16
“Epidemiological data, for instance, indicate that although African Americans are less likely to gamble in their lifetimes than Whites, African Americans have a greater likelihood of developing gambling problems once they start gambling (Kessler et al., 2008; Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHammond, C. J., Shirk, S. D., Foster, D. W., Potenza, N. B., Kraus, S. W., Mayes, L. C., Hoff, R. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2019) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000472 · Cited by 17
“…disorders including depression, substance-use and addictive disorders, suicidal ideations and attempts, reduced quality of life, bankruptcy, and legal problems such as divorce and incarceration (Potenza, 2001; Argo and Black, 2004; Lorains et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2005; Ronzitti et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialDon't Go There: A Zero-Permission Geofencing App to Alleviate Gambling Disorders
Coral, R., Esposito, F., & Weinstock, J. (2020) · IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference · doi:10.1109/ccnc46108.2020.9045251 · Cited by 15
Forrest, D., & Gulley, O. D. (2009) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459790802652191 · Cited by 15
“An illustration of the incidence of such comorbidity is that Petry, Stinson and Grant ( 2005 ) estimated that 73% of US pathological gamblers have alcohol problems.”
BackgroundLudomania: avaliação transcultural do jogo de azar por dinheiro e seu tratamento
Weinstock, J., Ledgerwood, D. M., Modesto‐Lowe, V., & Petry, N. M. (2008) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462008005000001 · Cited by 15
Self-citationRacial/Ethnic Variation in the Reliability of DSM-IV Pathological Gambling Disorder
Cunningham‐Williams, R. M., Ostmann, E. L., Spitznagel, E. L., & Books, S. J. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318093ed13 · Cited by 15
“Similarly, an analyses of gambling data included in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions of 43,093 household and group quarters residents (Petry et al., 2005) found that being African American and living in the Midwest or West, in addition to other *George Warren Brown School of Social W…”
BackgroundMethodKapetanovic, S., Gurdal, S., Einarsson, I., Werner, M., André, F., Håkansson, A., & Claesdotter‐Knutsson, E. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/44318 · Cited by 14
Mauro, L. D., Vergallito, A., Gattavara, G., Juris, L., Gallucci, A., Vedani, A., Cappelletti, L., Farneti, P. M., & Lauro, L. J. R. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13040698 · Cited by 14
“As GD patients often exhibit mood disorders [8,9,11], we ran an exploratory meta-”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialArmoon, B., Griffiths, M. D., Fleury, M., Mohammadi, R., & Bayat, A.-H. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01167-y · Cited by 15
“Finally, two studies (Ford & Håkansson, 2020; Petry et al., 2005) had the most significant contribution to heterogeneity concerning alcohol use disorders associated with lifetime problem and/or pathological gambling (Supplementary Files 3–10).”
InfluentialIncreased impulsivity in pathological gambling: Considering nicotine dependence
Kräplin, A., Behrendt, S., Scherbaum, S., Dshemuchadse, M., Bühringer, G., & Goschke, T. (2015) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1018145 · Cited by 14
“ND displays the highest comorbidity rates with PG with lifetime prevalence rates of around 60% (Kessler et al., 2008; Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundLegal gambling availability and youth gambling behaviour: A qualitative longitudinal study
Kristiansen, S., & Trabjerg, M. C. (2016) · International Journal of Social Welfare · doi:10.1111/ijsw.12231 · Cited by 14
Riley, B. J., Larsen, A., Battersby, M., & Harvey, P. W. (2017) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x17740557 · Cited by 14
Davis, C. N., Slutske, W. S., Martin, N. G., Arpana Agrawal, A., & Lynskey, M. T. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718002325 · Cited by 14
Feasibility of Brief Screening for At-Risk Gambling in Consumer Credit Counseling
Sacco, P., Frey, J. J., Callahan, C., Hochheimer, M., Imboden, R., & Hyde, D. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09836-1 · Cited by 14
“In describing treatment seeking gamblers, Petry (2005) described the typical profile of the treatment seeking gambler as “middle-aged, married, and employed”.”
BackgroundResultThe Risk of Gambling Problems in the General Population: A Reconsideration
Harrison, G. W., Lau, M. I., & Ross, D. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09897-2 · Cited by 14
“10 Petry et al. (2005) examine the risk of being what we would now call a DG, and this is the sole risk level used in Table 1.”
BackgroundChukwuorji, J. C., Nweke, A., Iorfa, S. K., Lloyd, C. J., Effiong, J. E., & Ndukaihe, I. L. G. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00232-0 · Cited by 14
Policy and prevention efforts for gaming should consider a broad perspective
Petry, N. M., Zajac, K., Ginley, M. K., Lemmens, J. S., Rumpf, H., Ko, C., & Rehbein, F. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.64 · Cited by 14
Self-citationService Development for Behavioural Addictions: AIIMS Experience
Balhara, Y. P. S., Bhargava, R., & Chadda, R. K. (2020) · Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1712755 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Petry, N. M., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F.
- Affiliations
- UConn Health (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- ORCID
- Petry, Nancy M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2005-05-15
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 05
- Pages
- 564-574
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2016693718
- Cited by
- 1,245
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 83
- FWCI
- 51.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p50aa003510-27)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P50- AA03510)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH060417, R01 MH60417)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA014618, R01-DA14618, R01-DA13444, P50DA009241, R01DA016855, P50-DA-0-9241, R01DA013444)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, comorbidities, mental illness, alcoholism, drug use disorders, nicotine dependence, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, sex differences, lifetime prevalence, risk factors, National Comorbidity Survey
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Gambling, Health Surveys, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sex Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Substance-Related Disorders, Alcohol-Related Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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